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Multifractal, Lacunarity and Connectivity Characterization of the European Agricultural Landscape (2017–2023)
This dataset contains the multifractal, lacunarity and connectivity metrics computed from the European agricultural landscape for the period 2017–2023.
The analyses were performed on 10 km × 10 km grid cells covering Europe and separately for three agricultural land-cover categories:
For each grid cell and year, the dataset provides:
The methodology used to generate these variables is described in the accompanying publication.
The dataset consists of 21 CSV files:
File names follow the convention
fulleu_allgrids__<CropCategory>_<Year>_country_final.csv
Examples:
fulleu_allgrids__TempCrops_2018_country_final.csv
fulleu_allgrids__PermCrops_2020_country_final.csv
fulleu_allgrids__Grassland_2023_country_final.csv
where
| Component | Description |
|---|---|
| TempCrops | Temporary crops |
| PermCrops | Permanent crops |
| Grassland | Grassland |
| Year | 2017–2023 |
Each file contains one record for every analysed 10 km grid cell.
A complete description of all variables contained in the dataset is provided in the accompanying file:
The file contains the following fields:
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| variable | Variable name as it appears in the CSV files. |
| category | Logical grouping of the variable (e.g. Identification, Multifractal spectrum, Lacunarity, Connectivity, Derived metric). |
| description | Human-readable description of the variable and, where applicable, the associated q value or spatial scale. |
Users are encouraged to consult variables.csv when interpreting the dataset columns.
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| grid_id | Unique identifier of the 10 km grid cell (ETRS89-LAEA grid). |
| crops | Crop category (TempCrops, PermCrops, Grassland). |
| year | Reference year. |
| Country | ISO-2 country code. |
The multifractal spectrum is sampled for values of
q = -1.00, -0.95, ..., 0.95, 1.00
For each q value two quantities are reported:
Columns
a_100 ... a100
contain the singularity exponent α(q).
The naming convention is
| Column | q |
|---|---|
| a_100 | −1.00 |
| a_95 | −0.95 |
| ... | ... |
| a0 | 0.00 |
| ... | ... |
| a95 | 0.95 |
| a100 | 1.00 |
Example
a_100 = α(q = -1)
a0 = α(q = 0)
a100 = α(q = 1)
Columns
f_100 ... f100
contain the multifractal spectrum values f(α).
The naming convention follows the same rule:
| Column | q |
|---|---|
| f_100 | −1.00 |
| ... | ... |
| f0 | 0.00 |
| ... | ... |
| f100 | 1.00 |
Example
f_100 = f(q = -1)
f0 = f(q = 0)
f100 = f(q = 1)
Columns
L2
L4
L8
L16
L32
L64
L128
L256
L512
L1024
contain lacunarity values computed using gliding boxes of increasing size.
The number in the variable name corresponds to the box size (in pixels).
Increasing values represent progressively larger observation scales.
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| Connectivity | Number of connected components obtained using 8-neighbour connectivity. |
| NbPix | Number of agricultural pixels within the grid cell. |
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| monotonicity | Indicator describing the monotonic behaviour of the multifractal spectrum. Values correspond to the spectrum classification described in the accompanying publication. |
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
| Delta_alpha | Width of the multifractal spectrum (αmax − αmin). |
| Skewness | Asymmetry of the multifractal spectrum. Positive values indicate right-skewed spectra, negative values indicate left-skewed spectra. |
No special missing value code is used.
Rows correspond only to grid cells where the corresponding crop category is present.
Grid identifiers refer to the ETRS89 / LAEA Europe (EPSG:3035) reference grid.
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| TempCrops | Temporary (annual) crops |
| PermCrops | Permanent crops |
| Grassland | Grassland |
2017–2023 (inclusive)
The methodology, definitions of the multifractal descriptors, lacunarity and connectivity metrics, and interpretation of the variables are described in the accompanying manuscript:
Galmarini, S. & Claverie, M. The Agricultural Landscape of Europe – A Multi-Fractal, Lacunarity and Connectivity Characterization and Comparative Analysis across Countries.
If you use this dataset, please cite both: