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{"sheet":"Cockpit","index":0,"n_rows":6,"n_cols":5,"rows_kept":6,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Long term (2050) projections of techno-economic performance of large-scale heating and cooling in the EU"]
[null,"Excel-Data based on Report 2, Rev. 2"]
[null,"Valid only in combination with comments made in the main report"]
[null,"Date:",null,null,"2017-11-10"]
[]
[null,"Technology Selection:"]

{"sheet":"4.1.1TankTypeB","index":1,"n_rows":69,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":69,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[30,4,30,14],[2,17,2,20],[73,2,73,16],[36,1,36,2],[45,1,45,2]]}
[null,null,"4.1.1 Tank type boilers"]
[]
[null,null,"Tank type boilers , natural gas/oil fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","1-30",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, nominal load ","%",97,97,98,98,98,null,95,98,95,98,null,"B",1.2]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, annual average","%",93,93,94,94,94,null,85,95,88,95,null,"C",1.2]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.4,null,0.4,0.8,0.3,0.7,null,"L,F",1]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,25,25,25,null,25,">25",25,">25",null,"K"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"--","-","--","-",null,"D"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)",null,"(-)","o","(-)","o",null,"D"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o",null,"D"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"+","++","+","++",null,"D"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",65,65,65,65,65,null,60,80,60,75,null,"H"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",1,1,1,1,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H"]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",20,20,15,15,15,null,5,60,5,40,null,"G","1, 2,"]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",1,1,1,1,1,null,0.1,5,0.1,5,null,null,"1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0.2,0.2,0.15,0.15,0.15,null,0.15,0.4,0.1,0.3,null,null,2.2999999999999998]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,0.05,null,"NA","NA","NA","NA",null,"H",1]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"high"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MW",0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,null,0.08,0.3,0.05,0.25,null,"J",2.4]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MW",7.0000000000000007E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,null,0.05,0.2,0.03,0.2,null,"J",2.4]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MW",0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,null,0.03,0.1,0.01,0.1,null,"J",2.4]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MW/a",3,3,3,2,2,null,1,5,1,5,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl, electricity costs","€/MWh",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,0.2,1,0.3,0.8,null,"F"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","Invest(x)=0,11*((20/x)^0,15)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Burner and boiler manufacturer information, 2016"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants, Danish Energy Agency, 2016"]
[null,3,"Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from boilers and industrial processes, VTT 2005"]
[null,4,"Project information, 2016"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","For the limit for one furnace boilers will be ~14 MW, for gas fired boiler ~17 MW. Range can be increased with two furnace system."]
[null,"B","Includes a condensing economizer, without economizer the efficiency will be up to some 90-92 %, LHV reference."]
[null,"C","Includes a condensing economizer, without economizer the efficiency will be up to some 88-90 %, LHV reference."]
[null,"D","Efficiency depends on incoming water temperature. Assumptions been made: steam: 95 °C (-2% eff.), hot water: 75 °C (-1% eff.), warm water: 60 °C (Ref.), low temp.: 40 °C (+5% eff.)."]
[null,"F","ILF/AIT calculations/estimations."]
[null,"G","Ultra-Low NOx burners can reach a level of 5 g/GJ, the use of oil instead of gas will increase NOx-emissions. "]
[null,"H","Fuel dependent, not technology dependent."]
[null,"J","The average numbers are for an 18 MW heating plant with one gas boiler, included economizer (+1 MW) costs and additional piping ~90 T€/MW."]
[null,"K","Technical lifetime of the tank often exceeds 25 years, burner needs to be retrofitted after 15-25 years (depending on emission regulations)."]
[null,"L","Mainly caused by the feed water pump (~1-2 kW/MWth) and fresh air fan (~3-5 kW/MWth)."]
[null,"M","x…Heat generation capacity [1 MWth … 30 MWth]."]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.35]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.12]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.06]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.23]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.1]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.09]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D61:D68)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"4.1.2.1NatGasWaterTubeB","index":2,"n_rows":68,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":68,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[73,2,73,16],[30,4,30,14]]}
[null,null,"4.1.2 Water tube boilers"]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,"A","1, 2, 4,"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","20 - 250"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",95,95,95,95,95,null,90,96,92,97]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",87,87,87,87,87,null,null,null,null,null,null,"B, C"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption ","%",0.5,0.5,0.4,0.4,0.4,null,0.3,0.7,0.3,0.7,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",30,30,35,35,40,null,30,50,30,50]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"--","-","--","-"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"(-)","o","(-)","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"+","++","+","++"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5,6,7"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",60,60,60,60,60,null,30,70,30,70]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",20,20,18,18,15,null,15,50,10,40]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1,3,8"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWth",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,null,0.05,0.12,0.05,0.12]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.06,0.06,0.06,0.06,0.06,null,0.03,7.0000000000000007E-2,0.03,7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,null,0.02,0.05,0.02,0.05]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",2,2,1.9,1.9,1.8," ",1,4,1,5]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl, electricity costs","€/MWhth",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,null,0.1,0.5,0.1,0.5]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","Invest(x)=0.1*((135/x)^0.2)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Workshop BOSCH: Fachseminar Auslegung und Planung von Thermischen Großanlagen"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Natural gas (LHV appr. 40 MJ/kg) fired hot water tube boiler (3% O2 flue gas)"]
[null,"B","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"C","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"D","MWel,aux.pwr/MWth"]
[null,"E","x…Heat generation capacity [20 MWth … 250 MWth]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.34883720930232559]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.1186046511627907]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",5.3488372093023262E-2]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.23255813953488372]
[null,null,"Project indirect",0]
[null,null,"Development",0.1]
[null,null,"Interconnection",9.3023255813953501E-2]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

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[null,null,"4.1.2 Water tube boilers"]
[]
[]
[null,null," ","Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data"," ",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,"A","1, 2 , 4, 9, 10"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","20 - 250"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",85,85,85,85,85,null,83,93,83,93]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average ","%",78,78,78,78,78,null,null,null,null,null,null,"B, C"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption ","%",0.5,0.5,0.4,0.4,0.4,null,0.3,0.7,0.3,0.7,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,30,30,30,null,20,35,20,35]
[null,null," "," "]
[null,null,"Steam supply"," ","-","-","-","-","-",null,"--","-","--","-"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)"," ","o","o","o","o","o",null,"(-)","o","(-)","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)"," ","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)"," ","+","+","+","+","+",null,"+","++","+","++"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 10"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",130,130,130,130,130,null,80,150,80,150]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",23,23,22,22,20,null,15,50,10,30]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1, 3, 8, 9, 11"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation"," ","medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWth",0.105,0.105,0.105,0.105,0.105,null,0.05,0.12,0.05,0.12]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",6.5000000000000002E-2,6.5000000000000002E-2,6.5000000000000002E-2,6.5000000000000002E-2,6.5000000000000002E-2,null,0.03,0.08,0.03,0.08]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,null,0.02,0.04,0.02,0.04]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",2.2000000000000002,2.2000000000000002,2.1,2.1,2,null,1,5,1,5]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,null,0.1,0.5,0.1,0.5]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","Invest(x)=0.105*((135/x)^0.2)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologoes; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Workshop BOSCH: Fachseminar Auslegung und Planung von Thermischen Großanlagen"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,9,"Wien Energie: Biomasse Kraftwerk Simmering"]
[null,10,"Rechnungshofbericht Wien Energie Bundesforste Biomasse Kraftwerk"]
[null,11,"Wirtschaftlich effiziente Biomasse-Heizkraftwerke, Rolf Michler"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Biogas (LHV appr. 6.2MJ/kg) fired hot water tube boiler (3%O2 flue gas)"]
[null,"B","based on planned availability of 8000h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"C","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"D","MWel,aux.pwr/MWth"]
[null,"E","x…Heat generation capacity  [20 MWth … 250 MWth]"]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.34883720930232559]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.1186046511627907]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",5.3488372093023262E-2]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.23255813953488372]
[null,null,"Project indirect",0]
[null,null,"Development",0.1]
[null,null,"Interconnection",9.3023255813953501E-2]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

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[null,null,"4.1.2 Water tube boilers"]
[]
[]
[null,null," ","Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,"A","1,2,4"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","20 - 250"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",89,89,89,89,89,null,85,95,85,95]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average ","%",81,81,81,81,81,null,null,null,null,null,null,"B, C"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption ","%",0.7,0.7,0.6,0.6,0.5,null,0.5,1,0.3,0.8,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,30,30,35,null,25,50,30,50]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","(o)","-","(o)"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"(-)","o","(-)","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5,6,7"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",80,80,80,80,80,null,50,100,50,100]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",50,50,40,40,40,null,30,70,30,70]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",10,10,8,8,5,null,7,15,2,10]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",3,3,3,2,2,null,2,5,1,5]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1,3,8"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWth",0.12,0.12,0.12,0.12,0.12,null,0.08,0.16,0.08,0.16]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.08,0.08,0.08,0.08,0.08,null,0.05,0.11,0.05,0.11]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,null,0.03,0.05,0.03,0.05]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",2,2,1.9,1.9,1.8,null,1,5,1,5]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,null,0.1,0.5,0.1,0.5]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","Invest(x)=0.12*((135/x)^0.2)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Workshop BOSCH: Fachseminar Auslegung und Planung von Thermischen Großanlagen"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Oil (LHV appr. 42 MJ/kg) fired hot water tube boiler (6% O2 flue gas)"]
[null,"B","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"C","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"D","MWel,aux.pwr/MWth"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.34883720930232559]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.1186046511627907]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",5.3488372093023262E-2]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.23255813953488372]
[null,null,"Project indirect",0]
[null,null,"Development",0.1]
[null,null,"Interconnection",9.3023255813953501E-2]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

{"sheet":"4.1.2.4BiomassWaterTubeB","index":5,"n_rows":68,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":68,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[73,2,73,16],[30,4,30,14]]}
[null,null,"4.1.2 Water tube boilers"]
[]
[]
[null,null," ","Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,"A","1,2,4,9,10"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","20 - 250"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",92,92,92,92,92,null,85,95,85,95]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",84,84,84,84,84,null,null,null,null,null,null,"B, C"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption ","%",1.6,1.6,1.5,1.5,1.5,null,1,2,1,2,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,30,30,35,null,25,50,30,50]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"--","-","--","-"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"(-)","o","(-)","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"+","++","+","++"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5,6,7,10"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",110,110,110,110,110,null,50,150,50,150]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",5,5,5,5,5,null,0,20,0,20]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",90,90,80,80,70,null,50,150,30,100]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",4,4,4,3,3,null,2,6,2,6]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1,3,8,9,11"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWth",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.28000000000000003,0.26,null,0.25,0.35,0.2,0.35]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.19,0.18,null,0.17,0.23,0.14000000000000001,0.23]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.09,0.08,null,0.08,0.12,0.06,0.12]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",5,5,5,4,4,null,3,8,3,8]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,null,0.1,0.5,0.1,0.5]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","Invest(x)=0.3*((135/x)^0.2)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologoes; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Workshop BOSCH: Fachseminar Auslegung und Planung von Thermischen Großanlagen"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,9,"Wien Energie: Biomasse Kraftwerk Simmering"]
[null,10,"Rechnungshofbericht Wien Energie Bundesforste Biomasse Kraftwerk"]
[null,11,"Wirtschaftlich effiziente Biomasse-Heizkraftwerke, Rolf Michler"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Biomass (LHV appr. 14 MJ/kg) fired hot water tube boiler (6% O2 flue gas)"]
[null,"B","based on planned availability of 8000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"C","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"D","MWel,aux.pwr/MWth"]
[null,"E","x…Heat generation capacity  [20 MWth … 250 MWth]"]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.34883720930232559]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.1186046511627907]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",5.3488372093023262E-2]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.23255813953488372]
[null,null,"Project indirect",0]
[null,null,"Development",0.1]
[null,null,"Interconnection",9.3023255813953501E-2]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

{"sheet":"4.1.2.5WasteWaterTubeB","index":6,"n_rows":68,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":68,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[73,2,73,16],[30,4,30,14]]}
[null,null,"4.1.2 Water tube boilers"]
[]
[]
[null,null," ","Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,"A","1,2,4,8,10,11"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","20 - 250"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",89,89,90,90,91,null,85,95,85,95]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",81,81,81,82,83,null,null,null,null,null,null,"B, C"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",2.5,2.5,2.2999999999999998,2.2999999999999998,2.1,null,1,3,1,3,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,30,30,35,null,25,50,30,50]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"--","-","--","-"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"(-)","o","(-)","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"+","++","+","++"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5,6,7"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",120,120,110,100,100,null,50,150,50,150]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",10,10,8,6,5,null,0,20,0,20]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",30,30,25,25,20,null,20,50,10,40]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",5,5,4,4,3,null,3,7,2,5]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1,3,9,10"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWth",0.5,0.5,0.4,0.4,0.4,null,0.3,0.6,0.3,0.6]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.3,0.3,0.26,0.26,0.26,null,0.2,0.4,0.2,0.4]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.2,0.2,0.14000000000000001,0.14000000000000001,0.14000000000000001,null,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",10,10,9,9,8,null,8,20,5,15]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth",0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,null,0.1,0.5,0.1,0.5]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","Invest(x)=0.5*((135/x)^0.2)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologoes; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Workshop BOSCH: Fachseminar Auslegung und Planung von Thermischen Großanlagen"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"World Bank Technical Guidance Report – Municipal Solid Waste Incineration"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Operator’s data (direct): Waste to Energy Plant Niklasdorf"]
[null,11,"Umweltbundesamt: Leitfaden zur Umweltverträglichkeitserklärung für Abfallverbrennungsanlagen, thermische Kraftwerke und Feuerungsanlagen; Report 0193; 2008"]
[null,12,"Umweltbundesamt: Stand der Technik bei Abfallverbrennungsanlagen"]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Solid waste (LHV appr. 13 MJ/kg) fired hot water tube boiler (6% O2 flue gas)"]
[null,"B","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"C","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"D","MWel,aux.pwr/MWth"]
[null,"E","x…Heat generation capacity  [20 MWth … 250 MWth]"]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.34883720930232559]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.1186046511627907]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",5.3488372093023262E-2]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.23255813953488372]
[null,null,"Project indirect",0]
[null,null,"Development",0.1]
[null,null,"Interconnection",9.3023255813953501E-2]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

{"sheet":"4.2ElectricalBoilerRes","index":7,"n_rows":69,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":69,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[74,2,74,18],[30,4,30,14]]}
[null,null,"4.2 Electrical boiler"]
[]
[null,null,"Electrical boiler"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,null,null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","1-30",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, nominal load ","%",99,99,99,99,99,null,"97 ","100 ",null,null,null,null,1.2]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, annual average","%",98,98,98,98,98,null,"96 ","99 ",null,null,null,null,1.2]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",101,101,101,101,101,null,100,"103 ",null,null,null,null,1.2]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",20,20,20,20,20,null,null,null,null,null,null,"B",1]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o",null,null,null,"C"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o",null,null,null,"C"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"o","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJ","-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","-",null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJ","-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","-",null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJ","-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","-",null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJ","-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","-",null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJ","-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","-",null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJ","-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","-",null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MW",0.12,0.12,0.12,0.12,0.12,null,0.06,0.2,null,null,null,"E,C","1, 2, 3, 4"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","%",0.08,0.08,0.08,0.08,0.08,null,0.04,0.12,null,null,null,null,"1, 2, 3, 4"]
[null,null," - of which installation","%",0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,0.04,null,0.02,0.08,null,null,null,null,"2, 3"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","€/MW/a",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null," 0,3","0,7 ",null,null,null,"F",1.2]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl, electricity costs","€/MWh",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,null," 0,1","0,3 ",null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","Invest(x)=0,12*((5/x)^0,2)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Manufacturer informations, 2015"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants, Danish Energy Agency , 2012 & 2016"]
[null,3,"Project information, 10 MW, Germany, 2014"]
[null,4,"Project information, 20 MW, Germany, 2015"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Typical unit capacities: 1 to 10 MW for resistance boiler and 5 to 60 MW for electrode boiler "]
[null,"B","Under good circumstances (water quality) and maintenance is a higher lifetime possible (+10 a)"]
[null,"C","Units for Steam and Hot appr. 10 to 30% higher invest (due to 2014/68/EU requirements )"]
[null,"D","Environmental impacts depends on how the used electricity is produced"]
[null,"E","Additional costs for the connection to a 10 or 20 kV grid will be around 0.04 to 0.1 M€/MW (switchgear, transformer, additional space)"]
[null,"F","Units for Steam and Hot appr. 50% higher O&M-costs (due to 2014/68/EU requirements)"]
[null,"G","ILF/AIT calculations/estimations"]
[null,"H","x…Heat generation capacity [1 MWth … 30 MWth]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.37735849056603776]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.19811320754716982]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",9.4339622641509441E-2]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.23584905660377359]
[null,null,"Project indirect",0]
[null,null,"Development",9.4339622641509441E-2]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0]

{"sheet":"4.3.1Hydroth","index":8,"n_rows":87,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":87,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"4.3.1 Hydrothermal"]
[]
[null,null,"Hydrothermal"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","1 - 50",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A","1, 2, 3, 4, 5"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, nominal load ","%","Not applicable"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",2,2,2,2,2,null,1,4,1,4,null,"B","6, 7"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,25,25,25,null,20,">25",20,">25",null,"C","1, 2, 5"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)",null,"-","o","-","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"E"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)",null,"o","+","o","+"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F",8]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",5,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G",4]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2012/MWth",1.3,1.25,1.2,1.1499999999999999,1.1000000000000001,null,0.8,1.5,0.7,1.3,null,"H","1, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.39,0.38,0.36,0.35,0.33,null,0.25,0.5,0.22,0.44,null,"I",7]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.91,0.87,0.84,0.8,0.77,null,0.75,1,0.66,0.88,null,null,7]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",26,25,24,23,22,null,21.5,32.4,19.100000000000001,28.5,null,"J","1, 5, 7, 11"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function drilling","M€/MWth/m","CHydrothermal(Q,th) = 2,88 * (Q,th)^(-0,34)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K"]
[null,null,"Cost function drilling - 2","€/m","CDrilling(Depth) = 0,152 * (Depth) + 785 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L","9, 13, 14, 15"]
[null,null,"Construction time","months",4,4,4,4,4,null,3,">6",3,">6",null,"M","9, 13"]
[null,null,"Capacity factor ","%","30 - 45",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"N","7, 11, 16"]
[null,null,"Production rate","l/s","20 - 150",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"O","9, 16, 17"]
[null,null,"Typical drilling depth","m","1 000 - 3 000",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"P","3, 7, 16"]
[null,null,"Reservoir temperature","°C","80 - 120",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Q","3, 16, 17"]
[null,null,"Average daily drilling capacity","m/day",40,null,null,null,null,null,"<20 - 60",null,null,null,null,"R","4, 9"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Developing geothermal district heating in Europe; GeoDH, 2014"]
[null,2,"District Heating; IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, January 2013"]
[null,3,"Tiefe Geothermie; ASUE, June 2011"]
[null,4,"Renewable Energy in Europe - Markets, Trends and Technologies; EREC, 2010"]
[null,5,"Financing Renewable Energy in the European Energy Market; Ecofys, January 2011"]
[null,6,"Potenzial der Tiefengeothermie für die Fernwärme- und Stromproduktion in Österreich; Koenighofer, June 2014"]
[null,7,"Erneuerbare Energien - Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte; M. Kaltschmitt et al., 2013 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"]
[null,8,"Geothermal Power Plants: Principles, Applications, Case Studies and Environmental Impact; R. DiPippo, 2012"]
[null,9,"Geothermieprojekt Ried - Wärme und Kälte aus Geothermie und Umgebungswärme; Fuereder, April 2012"]
[null,10,"Geothermal Heat and Power; IEA-ETSAP, May 2010"]
[null,11,"Technology Roadmap - Geothermal Heat and Power; OECD/IEA, May 2011"]
[null,12,"Renewables for Heating and Cooling - Untapped Potential; OECD/IEA, July 2007"]
[null,13,"Geothermie-Projekt Pullach Daten und Fakten - IEP, May 2008"]
[null,14,"Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Well Construction Technology Evaluation Report; Sandia Report, December 2008"]
[null,15,"New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification; GeothermEx, April 2004"]
[null,16,"Regenerative Energietechnik; V. Wesselak et al., May 2013 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"]
[null,17,"Economic analysis of geothermal energy provision in Europe (Workpackage 5 – Deliverable D35); ENGINE, October 2007"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","The first regions using geothermal district heating systems (geoDH) were those, with the best hydrothermal potential. However, new technologies and systems increased the number of regions developing this utilization. System capacities range from small (0.5 - 2 MWth) to larger up to 50 MWth."]
[null,"B","Pumping effort could be counted up to 2 % of the heat power from the geothermal water."]
[null,"C","The technology has a long life time period with at least 20 but commonly up to 30 years (e.g. the doublet wells of Thisted in Denmark have been in operation for 30 years)."]
[null,"D","High temperature heat supply is not common as normally temperatures below 120 °C are exploited. If higher reservoir temperatures are gained, usually CHP applications will be used (see chapter Geothermal CHP)."]
[null,"E","The supply temperature is mainly defined by the reservoir temperature. If higher temperatures are needed, deeper drillings are necessary. If the boreholes do not deliver the expected capacities, auxiliary heating systems could be installed."]
[null,"F","Closed loop plants emit no gaseous emissions during operation."]
[null,"G","A learning rate is not really seen as the technology and the used components are far developed. Nevertheless, drillings could have the biggest cost reduction potential. On the one hand through faster drilling methods and on the other hand through better exploration (further developed seismic methods could increase the success rate and additionally decrease risk and insurance costs)."]
[null,"H","Geothermal district heating systems are capital intensive and the production and injection wells consumes the highest part with up to 70 % of the initial investment costs. The cost estimation is based on a 10 MWth geothermal plant and includes also downhole and circulation pumps, heat exchangers, interconnection, control equipment and building retrofit. Auxiliary heating system (e.g. peak load boiler) and DH network / distribution is not included. The cost reduction is mainly assumed due to better forecasting (reducing the risk and insurance costs) and drilling methods."]
[null,"I","The highest effort is incurred on-site mainly caused by drilling work."]
[null,"J","Operating expenses are much lower than in conventional systems, consisting of system maintenance, personnel (operation and control) and insurance."]
[null,"K","Cost function is developed through cost comparison of realised plants. x…Heat generation capacity [1 MWth … 50 MWth]"]
[null,"L","An investigation of realised projects in middle Europe shows up drilling costs between EUR 1 100 - 1 300/m at depths 2 000 - 3 000 m and is affirming the rough estimation by the formula. Note: Given cost function is just for one borehole."]
[null,"M","Only the drilling time for the drilling doublet."]
[null,"N","Geothermal heating units are base load plants and the capacity factor is given through the district heating grid. Normally DH-grids have full load hours up to 4 000 h/a. Peak load boilers (often fossil fuel) are used to meet the coldest period, rather than drilling additional wells or pumping more fluids, as geothermal usually meets at least 50 and up to 90 % of the time, thus improving the efficiency and economics of the system."]
[null,"O","Higher production rates leads to higher pumping effort which decreases the system efficiency."]
[null,"P","Typical drilling depths ranges from 1 000 - 3 000 but in some cases also more than 3 500 m. Larger depths make the geothermal heat only application increasingly uneconomical."]
[null,"Q","If the reservoir temperature is too low for direct usage, auxiliary systems (e.g. peak boiler, heat pump, etc.) has to be used."]
[null,"R","A value of 44 m/day was reached in the project \"Ried\" (Ref. 9). Note: Depending on the rock formation, daily drilling performance could vary a lot."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.15]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.6]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.05]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.05]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.03]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

{"sheet":"4.3.2LowTempHydro","index":9,"n_rows":74,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":74,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[30,4,30,13],[31,4,31,13],[46,1,46,2],[38,1,38,2]]}
[null,null,"4.3.2 Low temperature hydrothermal"]
[]
[null,null,"Low temperature hydrothermal"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","1 - 50",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A",1]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, nominal load ","%","Not applicable"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",2,2,2,2,2,null,1,4,1,4,null,"B",1]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,25,25,25,null,20,">25",20,">25",null,"C","1, 2"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"--","-","--","-",null,"E"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2012/MWth",1.25,1.22,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1,null,1,1.6,0.7,1.4,null,"I","1, 2, 3, 4"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.5,0.49,0.48,0.44,0.4,null,0.43,0.61,0.35,0.5,null,"J"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.75,0.73,0.72,0.66,0.6,null,0.61,0.79,0.5,0.65]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",30,29,27,26,25,null,20,40,20,30,null,"K","1, 4, 5"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CGeoHP(Q,th) = 1,6 * (Q,th)^(-0,11)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L"]
[null,null,"Cost function drilling (estimation)","€/m","CDrilling(Depth) = 0,152 * (Depth) + 785 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M","6, 7"]
[null,null,"Capacity factor ","%","60 - 80",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"N"]
[null,null,"Production rate","l/s","01,10,1950",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"O"]
[null,null,"Typical drilling depth","km",2,2,"02,05,2017","02,05,2017",3,null,null,null,null,null,null,"P",1]
[null,null,"Reservoir temperature","°C","30 - 80",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,null,"Average daily drilling capacity","m/day",50,null,null,null,null,null,"40 - >60",null,null,null,null,"Q"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,2,"District Heating; IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, January 2013"]
[null,3,"Geothermal Heat and Power; IEA-ETSAP, May 2010"]
[null,4,"Cost analysis of district heating compared to its competing technologies; O. Gudmundsson et al., 2013 © WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol. 176"]
[null,5,"Erneuerbare Energien - Systemtechnik, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Umweltaspekte; M. Kaltschmitt et al., 2013 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"]
[null,6,"New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification; GeothermEx, April 2004"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","The geothermal heat source and the heat pump roughly contribute to equal shares."]
[null,"B","The electrical consumption for the plant (pump, control etc.) could be counted with approx. 2 %. If an electrical heat pump is used, this electrical consumption has additional to be taken into account (depending on the COP). "]
[null,"C","The drillings have a long life time period, but maybe the heat pump has to be replaced earlier."]
[null,"D","High temperature heat supply is against the concept with heat pumps and therefore not used."]
[null,"E","Mainly low temperature applications are preferred as the heat pump is normally used to increase the temperature to its needed level. That is why, the efficiency goes down with increasing temperatures."]
[null,"F","Closed loop plants emit no gaseous emissions during operation, which makes the utilization of geothermal energy very CO2 friendly."]
[null,"G","Although not so much deep geothermal systems using heat pumps exist, the CAPEX estimation is set \"medium\" as costs for hydrothermal plants and heat pumps are known and the described system is a combination of both."]
[null,"H","The technology uses standard components. A learning rate is mostly seen, if the market for large heat pumps is further increasing."]
[null,"I","The cost estimation includes downhole and circulation pumps, heat exchangers, interconnection, control equipment, building retrofit and heat pumps. Auxiliary heating system (e.g. peak load boiler) and DH network / distribution is not included. The cost reduction is mainly assumed due to better forecasting (reducing the risk and insurance costs) and drilling methods and a reduction of prices for large heat pumps."]
[null,"J","The highest effort is incurred on-site mainly caused by drilling work. In comparison to the direct use of hydrothermal energy, the equipment share is slightly increasing caused by the heat pump."]
[null,"K","Operating expenses consists of system maintenance, personnel (operation and control) and insurance."]
[null,"L","Cost function is just an estimation (mainly based on cost development of heat pumps and their total cost share) due to the lack of reference projects. x…Heat generation capacity [1 MWth … 50 MWth]"]
[null,"M","Due to the lower drilling depths, the costs could roughly estimated between EUR 900 - 1 200/m at depths 800 - 2 000 m."]
[null,"N","The combination of geothermal heat and heat pumps allows better operation modes which increases the capacity factor."]
[null,"O","Higher production rates leads to higher pumping effort which decreases the system efficiency."]
[null,"P","As investment and pumping costs increase with the depth, the usage of heat pumps could be an economically attractive option to extract heat from higher reservoirs with lower temperatures. Typical depths ranges from 800 - 2 000 (in some cases up to 3 000) m where temperatures from 30 - 80 °C could be expected."]
[null,"Q","Higher average daily drilling capacities could be reached owing to lower drilling depths."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.35]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.45]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.05]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.08]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.03]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.03]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.01]

{"sheet":"4.3.3EGS","index":10,"n_rows":72,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":72,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[30,4,30,13],[34,4,34,13]]}
[null,null,"4.3.3 EGS"]
[]
[null,null,"Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS)"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","> 10",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, nominal load ","%","Not applicable"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",3,3,3,3,3,null,2,6,2,6,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",30,30,30,30,30,null,25,">30",25,">30",null,"C",1]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)",null,"-","o","-","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"-","o","-","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)",null,"o","+","o","+"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"low",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2012/MWth",3.5,3.3,3,2.8,2.5,null,2.5,5,1.5,3.5,null,"H","1, 2, 3, 4"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",1.05,1,0.9,0.84,0.75,null,0.66,1.32,0.5,1,null,"I"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",1.45,2.2999999999999998,2.1,1.96,1.75,null,1.98,2.64,1.5,2]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",20,19,18,16,15,null,15,25,10,20,null,"J",5]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CEGS(Q,th) = 6,22 * (Q,th)^(-0,25)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L"]
[null,null,"Construction time","months",6,6,6,5,5,null,5,8,4,7,null,"K",1]
[null,null,"Typical drilling depth","km",6,6,7,8,10,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L"]
[null,null,"Reservoir temperature","°C","> 150",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M",5]
[null,null,"Cost function drilling","€/m","CDrilling(Depth) = 2 500 * (Depth)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"N",1]
[null,null,"Average daily drilling capacity","m/day","< 40",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"O"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Geothermal Investment Guide; GeoElec (Project Deliverable 3.4), November 2013"]
[null,2,"Factsheets on Geothermal Electricity; GeoElec, 2013"]
[null,3,"Towards more Geothermal Electricity Generation in Europe; GeoElec (Final Report), 2013"]
[null,4,"Projected Costs of Generating Electricity; IEA, September 2015"]
[null,5,"Cost of Electricity from Enhanced Geothermal Systems; S. K. Sanyal et al., January 2007"]
[null,6,"Integral modeling and financial impact of the geothermal situation and power plant at Soultz-sous-Forets; P. Heidinger, January 2010 (C. R. Geoscience 342 (2010) 626–635)"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","It is assumed to achieve high heat capacities in order to build economic feasible Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) heat plants."]
[null,"B","In comparison to conventional geothermal plants the pumping effort will be slightly higher owing to the required fracturing pressure."]
[null,"C","Long life time with over 30 years is assumed."]
[null,"D","The supply temperature is mainly defined by the reservoir temperature. If higher temperatures are needed, deeper drillings are necessary. If the boreholes do not deliver the expected capacities, auxiliary heating systems could be installed. In general EGS is a technology with deep drillings to exploit high temperature reservoirs. Therefore, high temperature heat supply should be possible but will strongly influence both efficiency and costs. "]
[null,"E","EGS works at least with two wells (injection and production). Hence the closed loop, these plants should not emit gaseous emissions during operation."]
[null,"F","The CAPEX estimation is very low, as there exists very few CHPs and no one \"heat-only\"-EGS plant."]
[null,"G","Learning rate figures could not be given at the moment as there has to be still done some research issues and developments. Note: The Google Foundation sees EGS as a technology that could be used as a source of energy on a large scale in the future, thus supporting the development of EGS with several million US dollars."]
[null,"H","Cost estimation is mostly done on the given case study \"EGS project in Germany\" and under further consideration of the listed references. In the case study a binary plant (ORC) was considered, which was excluded for the heat only cost estimation. According to Ref. 2, drilling represents more than half of the total cost of enhanced geothermal systems."]
[null,"I","The highest effort is incurred on-site mainly caused by drilling work and hydraulic fracturing."]
[null,"J","The authors of Ref. 6 assume lower O&M costs in comparison to conventional geothermal systems. The assumption is based on that EGS projects will have more controlled and optimized production/injection operation, absence of make-up well drilling, and relatively small number of well workovers expected in an EGS operation."]
[null,"K","Cost function is just an estimation due to the lack of reference projects. x…Heat generation capacity [>10 MWth ]"]
[null,"L","Due to the higher stimulation and hydraulic fracturing effort, longer construction time is assumed."]
[null,"M","EGS may extract heat from depths of 4 - 6 km and predictions assume 10 km wells in the future to exploit high temperature sources."]
[null,"N","Due to the high effort of EGS, deeper drillings are assumed with temperatures over 150 °C. E.g. At the EGS plant Soultz-sous-Forets the temperature is 200 °C in depth of 5 000 m (Ref. 6)."]
[null,"O","The case study in Ref. 1 assumes drilling costs of approx. EUR 2 500/m and well. The higher costs can be substantiated by greater depths and higher temperatures (need for higher material resistances)."]
[null,"P","It is assumed that the average daily drilling capacity of EGS projects is lower to conventional geothermal projects as deeper drillings are necessary."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.15]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.6]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.05]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.05]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.02]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.06]

{"sheet":"4.4.1FlatPlateCol","index":11,"n_rows":73,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":73,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[31,4,31,13],[32,4,32,13],[35,1,35,2],[47,1,47,2]]}
[null,null,"4.4.1 Flat plate collector"]
[]
[null,null,"Flat plate collector"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Collector area","m²","500 - 50 000",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Annual collector yield","MWh/(m².a)",0.373,0.374,0.375,0.376,0.377,null,0.33800000000000002,0.66500000000000004,0.34,0.68,null,"B","3, 4"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, annual average","%",34.200000000000003,34.299999999999997,34.4,34.5,34.6,null,33,43,35,46,null,"C",3]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",1,1,1,1,1,null,0.6,"1,4",0.7,"1,3",null,"D","1, 5"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,30,30,30,null,20,35,25,35,null,"E","1, 5, 6"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 100°C)",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"--","-","--","-"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"o","+","o","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"high"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2017/MWth",0.48199999999999998,0.47499999999999998,0.46500000000000002,0.45500000000000002,0.435,null,0.42,0.53,0.38,0.48,null,"I","1, 4, 6, 7, 8"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.33700000000000002,0.33300000000000002,0.32600000000000001,0.31900000000000001,0.30499999999999999,null,0.309,0.38,0.28299999999999997,0.34799999999999998,null,null,"1, 6, 8, 9"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.14499999999999999,0.14199999999999999,0.13900000000000001,0.13600000000000001,0.13,null,9.5000000000000001E-2,0.16600000000000001,8.6999999999999994E-2,0.152,null,"J","1, 6, 8, 9"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",1.8,1.7,1.6,1.5,1.4,null,1,2.4,0.9,2.1,null,"K","1, 7"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"L","1, 6, 7"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","€/m²","CFPC(AColl) = 1 535 * (Collector Area)^(-0,165)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M","5, 8, 10"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CFPC(Q,th) = 0,661 * (Q,th)^(-0,165)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"N","5, 8, 10"]
[null,null,"Construction time","months",4,4,3,3,3,null,2,5,2,"5",null,"O","1, 6"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"S.O.L.I.D. Gesellschaft für Solarinstallation und Design mbH (http://www.solid.at/en/)"]
[null,2,"Ranking List of European Large Scale Solar Heating Plants; Solar District Heating (SDH), December 2016 (http://solar-district-heating.eu/ServicesTools/Plantdatabase.aspx)"]
[null,3,"SDH Online-Rechner (Online calculator for a quick feasibility study of solar district heating including seasonal storage); Solites (Steinbeis Forschungsinstitut für solare und zukunftsfähige thermische Energiesysteme), 2013 (http://www.sdh-online.solites.de/)"]
[null,4,"Solar district heating guidelines - Collection of fact sheets; SDH, August 2012 (http://solar-district-heating.eu/)"]
[null,5,"Technology and Demonstrators - Technical Report Subtask C - Part C1; IEA SHC Task 52 Solar Heat and Energy Economics in Urban Environments, January 2016"]
[null,6,"Manufacturer information; Communciations between March - June 2017"]
[null,7,"Big solar thermal plants; Company presentation GreenOneTec, 2017"]
[null,8,"Estimative offers from manufacturers and planers, 2017"]
[null,9,"Technology Data for Energy Plants; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,10,"f-EASY (SDH) (Simple calculator for a quick feasibility study of solar district heating). Available under: http://www.solarkey.dk/f-easy/f-easy.xlsx"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","According to Ref. 2, two plants exists with a size above 50 000 m² and both are located in Denmark. At the moment, the biggest solar thermal plant is Silkeborg (DK) with a size of approx. 157 000 m² and a capacity of 110 MWth, which was put into operation in December 2016. Note: Actually, in the city of Graz (A) plans are ongoing which intends to have much greater solar thermal plant (see \"Big Solar Graz\" with a planned collector area of approx. 500 000 m² and a seasonal storage (PTES) of approx. 1.8 million m³)."]
[null,"B","Own calculations with SDH Online-Rechner with reference location Wuerzburg and feeding a DH grid (supply temperature 70 °C, return line 40 °C). Slightly increased efficiencies are assumed for the long term projection. The given lower value represents the location Stockholm and the upper value Barcelona."]
[null,"C","The presented efficiency is a result of calculations (yearly collector yield per annual global radiation; considered conditions see comment above). The lower and upper values represent Stockholm respectively Barcelona. Note: Collector yield and efficiency mostly depends on operation temperatures of the DH network, collector technology and several additional parameters (orientation, distance between collector rows, control strategy, heat exchanger, storage type, combination with other energy technologies, etc.). The efficiency is limited to approx. 65 % owing to physical reasons."]
[null,"D","Usually the needed electricity (solar pump, control, etc.) could be estimated with 0.7 - 1.2 kWh per 100 kWh heat production. Main part is the pumping energy which depends on collector type and field connection."]
[null,"E","Depends mainly on stagnation periods. Collectors without stagnation could have lifetimes above 30 years."]
[null,"F","Normally solar collectors are operated below 100 °C in order to reach \"useful\" collector yields. Reducing the temperature level leads to higher yield/efficiency. Note: Typical stagnation temperatures of FPCs are between 150 and above 200 °C."]
[null,"G","Reducing operation temperature of 1 K leads approx. 1 - 2 % higher solar output, as lower temperatures imply higher operating efficiency for the solar collectors."]
[null,"H","Most cost reduction potentials are seen in mounting system standardizations (e.g. fastening anchor, concrete elements, substructure) as big ground mounted solar thermal fields are relatively new (in comparison to solar thermal collectors itself) and learning effects would happen. The collectors itself would getting better regarding costs (production and prozess improvements) and efficiency (like actually developments in double glass / foil technologies)."]
[null,"I","The given cost estimation is based on a 10 000 m² collector field plant including collectors, installation, piping, heat exchanger unit, diurnal storage (size 1 000 m³)."]
[null,"J","Estimation for the whole solar thermal plant including mounting and piping. Surcharge for pile foundation for the substructure is considered. Nevertheless, soil condition is a big uncertainty in estimating the installation effort. Hint: A team of 4 - 5 people could install 200 - 300 m² collectors per day (including preparation and follow-up)."]
[null,"K","Value is based on monitoring data. Key maintenance checks consist of: adaption and debugging control system, leakages (fluid loss and/or air in the system), fluid quality (PH value, glycol content), components (relief valves, expansion vessels, sensors, etc.) and landscaping. The time effort for visual inspection could be estimated as 16 hours (one day for 2 persons). Alternatively the whole maintenance could be estimated to EUR 1 - 2 per MWh. Data only valid for big solar thermal plants in megawatt scale."]
[null,"L","Except electricity no variable O&M costs occur."]
[null,"M","Formula is based on listed references and adjusted with given estimative offers. The formula could be used up to 50 000 m² (considered estimative offers range from 500 - 50 000 m² and for this range the formula fits)."]
[null,"N","Given cost formula is converted from EUR/m² to EUR/kWth with a conversion factor of 0.7 kWth/m². x…Heat generation capacity"]
[null,"O","From construction start on site to commissioning of a 10 000 m² plant."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.4]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.3]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.08]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.05]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.09]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.01]

{"sheet":"4.4.2VacuumTube","index":12,"n_rows":72,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":72,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"4.4.2 Vacuum tube collector"]
[]
[null,null,"Vacuum tube collector"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Collector area","m²","500 - 10 000",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Annual collector yield","MWh/(m².a)",0.40799999999999997,0.40899999999999997,0.41,0.41099999999999998,0.41199999999999998,null,0.372,0.7,0.374,0.71,null,"B",3]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, annual average","%",37.4,37.5,37.6,37.700000000000003,37.799999999999997,null,37,46,39,50,null,"C",3]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",1,1,1,1,1,null,0.5,1.5,0.6,1.4,null,"D","1, 4"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,25,25,25,null,20,30,20,30,null,"E","1, 5"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 110°C)",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"--","-","--","-"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"o","+","o","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"high"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2017/MWth",0.75,0.7,0.65,0.6,0.56000000000000005,null,0.6,0.8,0.45,0.65,null,"I","1, 3, 5, 7"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.45,0.42,0.39,0.36,0.33,null,0.35,0.53,0.28000000000000003,0.41,null,"J","1, 6, 7"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.3,0.28000000000000003,0.26,0.24,0.22,null,0.17,0.35,0.14000000000000001,0.28000000000000003,null,"K","1, 6, 7"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",3.5,3.3,3,2.5,2,null,2.8,4.5,1.6,3,null,"L","1, 5, 7"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"M","1, 5"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","€/m²","CETC-CPC(AColl) = 2 035 * (Collector Area)^(-0,15)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"N","3, 6"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CETC-CPC(Q,th) = 0,978 * (Q,th)^(-0,15)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"O","3, 6"]
[null,null,"Construction time","months",5,4,4,3,3,null,3,6,2,"6",null,"P","1, 5"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Ritter XL Solar GmbH (http://ritter-xl-solar.com/en/home/); Communications between March - May 2017"]
[null,2,"Ranking List of European Large Scale Solar Heating Plants; Solar District Heating (SDH), December 2016 (http://solar-district-heating.eu/ServicesTools/Plantdatabase.aspx)"]
[null,3,"SDH Online-Rechner (Online calculator for a quick feasibility study of solar district heating including seasonal storage); Solites (Steinbeis Forschungsinstitut für solare und zukunftsfähige thermische Energiesysteme), 2013 (http://www.sdh-online.solites.de/)"]
[null,4,"Solar district heating guidelines - Collection of fact sheets; SDH, August 2012 (http://solar-district-heating.eu/)"]
[null,5,"Manufacturer information; Communications between March - June 2017"]
[null,6,"Technology Data for Energy Plants; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,7,"Estimative offers from manufacturers and planers, 2017"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","According to Ref. 2, eight plants with in the range between 1 000 - 10 000 m² exists and most of them are located in Germany. At the moment, the biggest ETC plant is Senftenberg (DE) with a size of 8 300 m² and a capacity of 5.8 MWth, which was put into operation in 2016."]
[null,"B","Own calculations with SDH Online-Rechner with reference location Wuerzburg and feeding a DH grid (supply temperature 70 °C, return line 40 °C). Slightly increased efficiencies are assumed for the long term projection. The given lower value represents the location Stockholm and the upper value Barcelona. Note: If the plant is operated only with water (no glykol) 1 - 2 % of the collector yield is needed for the active frost protection."]
[null,"C","The presented efficiency is a result of calculations (yearly collector yield per annual global radiation; considered conditions see comment above). The lower and upper values represent Stockholm respectively Barcelona. Note: Collector yield and efficiency mostly depends on operation temperatures of the DH network, collector technology and several additional parameters (orientation, distance between collector rows, control strategy, heat exchanger, storage type, combination with other energy technologies, etc.). The efficiency is limited to approx. 65 % owing to physical reasons."]
[null,"D","Electricity demand for solar pump and control is around 1 kWh per 100 kWh heat production. Variations for the solar pump could occur due to the hydraulic connection of the collector field."]
[null,"E","Depends mainly on stagnation periods. Collectors without stagnation could have lifetimes above 30 years."]
[null,"F","Technically ETCs could be used for high temperature applications till 140 °C and for some research activities they are operated till 180 °C (driving a Stirling engine). Hence, it is recommended to operate these collectors below 110 °C due to economic reasons. Temperatures above 110 °C requires higher installation efforts due to the \"pressure equipment directive (2014/68/EU)\" which lead to much higher installations costs and makes it uneconomical."]
[null,"G","Compared to FPC the ETC technology has a higher efficiency at higher collector temperatures. Nevertheless, in most SDH plants FPC have been chosen instead of ETC because of the lower price/performance ratio (Ref. 4)."]
[null,"H","The price could be reduced to half if there were a corresponding market, but at the moment there is not a high demand for evacuated tube collectors. If the market does not change, no serious cost reductions are seen in the near future."]
[null,"I","The given cost estimation is based on a 10 000 m² collector field plant including collectors, installation, piping, heat exchanger unit, diurnal storage (size 1 000 m³)."]
[null,"J","In comparison to flat plate collectors, the equipment effort is a little bit lower and, going hand in hand, the installation a little bit higher. The reason for this is the lower standardization (especially in the mounting systems) which requires more on-site work."]
[null,"K","Estimation for the whole solar thermal plant including mounting and piping. Surcharge for pile foundation for the substructure is considered. Nevertheless, soil condition is a big uncertainty in estimating the installation effort. Hint: A team of 4 - 5 people could install 100 - 200 m² collectors per day (including preparation and follow-up)."]
[null,"L","Yearly maintenance (e.g. adaption and debugging control system, leakages (fluid loss and/or air in the system), fluid quality (PH value, glycol content), components (relief valves, expansion vessels, sensors, etc.) and landscaping) is below 1 % of the investment costs and could be done within running operation (effort for 10 000 m²: 2 persons x 8 h per year). In comparison to FPCs, this technology has slightly higher O&M costs, due to higher efforts like checking the collectors (each collector pipe and their suitable connection), visual inspection, exchange of small parts, filter and sealing changes, etc."]
[null,"M","Except electricity no variable O&M costs occur."]
[null,"N","Formula is based on listed references and adjusted with given estimative offers. The formula could be used up to 50 000 m² (considered estimative offers range from 500 - 50 000 m² and for this range the formula fits)."]
[null,"O","Given cost formula is converted from EUR/m² in EUR/kWth with a conversion factor of 0.7 kWth/m². x…Heat generation capacity"]
[null,"P","In comparison to flat plate collectors this type consumes a little bit longer construction time as there exists not so much standardized collector solutions."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.45]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.25]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.04]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.05]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.05]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.15]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.01]

{"sheet":"5.1ElecHeatPump","index":13,"n_rows":83,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":83,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"5.1 Electrical Heat Pump"]
[]
[null,null,"Electrical Heat Pump"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth",43009,null,null,null,null,null,0.5,20,0.5,40,null,"A","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Cooling generation capacity","MWth","0,7 - 7",null,null,null,null,null,0.35,15,0.35,30,null,"B","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"COP Heating","%",350,360,370,380,410,null,330,380,350,450,null,"C","1, 4, 5, 6"]
[null,null,"COP Cooling","%",250,260,270,280,310,null,230,280,250,350,null,"D",7]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",10,9,7,5,4,null,4,10,3,6,null,"E",1]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",20,20,25,25,25,null,15,30,15,30,null,"F","1, 8"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A ","N/A ","N/A ","N/A ","N/A ",null,null,null,null,null,null,"G","3, 4, 6"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"N/A ","N/A ","N/A ","N/A ","N/A "]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"--","-","--","-",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"o","(+)","o","+",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"high"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J",9]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2016/MWth",0.72,0.66,0.6,0.56000000000000005,0.54,null,0.5,1,0.4,0.8,null,"K","1, 2, 9, 10, 11"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.36,0.33,0.3,0.28000000000000003,0.27,null,0.26,0.4,0.22,0.32,null,"L","1, 5"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.36,0.33,0.3,0.28000000000000003,0.27,null,0.26,0.4,0.22,0.32,null,null,"1, 5"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",3,3,"2,7","2,4",2,null,"2,0",4,1,3,null,null,"1, 12"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth",2,"1,8","1,7","1,6","1,6",null,"1,5","2,0","1,5","2,0",null,"M",1]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CelHP(Q,th) = 0,352 * (Q,th)^(-0,122)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"N"]
[null,null,"Construction time","months",6,6,6,6,6,null,4,9,4,"9",null,"O",1]
[null,null,"Space requirement","m²/MWth",20,20,20,20,20,null,10,40,10,40,null,"P",11]
[null,null,"Primary regulation","%/30sec",10,10,10,10,10,null,10,25,10,30,null,"R",1]
[null,null,"Secondary regulation","%/min",20,20,20,20,20,null,20,40,20,40,null,null,1]
[null,null,"Minimum load","%",20,20,15,15,10,null,10,30,10,30,null,null,"1, 11"]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time","h",0,0,0,0,0,null,0,1,0,1,null,null,"1, 11"]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time","h",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,0.25,2,0.2,1.5,null,null,"1, 11"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Technology Data for Energy Plants; Energinet.dk, August 2016"]
[null,2,"Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in the European Union; EC-JRC, 2012"]
[null,3,"Analyse des Potenzials von Industriewärmepumpen in Deutschland; Universität Stuttgart IER/IZW, December 2014 (online available: http://www.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/publikationen/veroeffentlichungen/forschungsberichte/downloads/141216_Abschlussbericht_FKZ_0327514A.pdf)"]
[null,4,"Renewables for Heating and Cooling - Untapped Potential; OECD/IEA, 2007"]
[null,5,"Store varmepumper i fjernvarmeforsyningen - Evaluering af initiativerne for rejsehold og tilskudsordning for store varmepumper i fjernvarmeforsyningen; Energistyrelsens, May 2016"]
[null,6,"Large heat pumps in European district heating systems; Andrei David, Presentation at \"En+Eff - 22nd International Trade Fair and Congress\" on 20th April 2016, Frankfurt"]
[null,7,"Wärmepumpe - Lecture Notes (W10 Physikalisches Grundpraktikum, Abteilung Wärmelehre); TU Dresden, May 2015"]
[null,8,"Economic efficiency of building installations - Fundamentals and economic calculation; VDI Guidelines, September 2012"]
[null,9,"Klimaneutraler Gebäudebestand 2050; Umweltbundesamt, 2016; Online available: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/klimaneutraler-gebaeudebestand-2050"]
[null,10,"Heat Pumps - Technology Brief; IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, January 2013"]
[null,11,"Manufacturer information; Input from autumn 2015"]
[null,12,"District Heating; IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, January 2013"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Ref. 3 provides an overview which includes heat output, available supply temperature and refrigerant of 44 industrial heat pumps (which also mostly suits for DH applications) of 14 manufacturers. The performance spectrum of the offered heat pumps ranges from 0.015 to 20 MW. By parallel operation larger heating capacities can also be achieved."]
[null,"B","Calculated based on the heating capacity and an average COP Cooling of 250 %."]
[null,"C","The given values are calculated for a supply temperature of 80 °C and a source temperature of 30 °C. Increasing the COPs will primarily be caused through lower supply temperatures in the future."]
[null,"D","COP Cooling = COP Heating - Pel."]
[null,"E","Contains only auxiliary electricity (pumps etc.) but not the driving power (which depends on the COP and is characterized through the temperature levels (source, sink); Pel = Q.th / COP). The electrical auxiliary power consumption is not included in the COP estimation/calculation."]
[null,"F","The technology itself is very reliable and robust and with regular maintenance, 25 years of use is no problem. There are some specimens that have been in operation for more than 40 years. Due to legal regulations (F-Gas regulation), the refrigerants were substituted with less GWP (global warming potential) in some old machines. But it could be that the \"new\" refrigerants could harm to the heat pumps, as no long term experiences exists."]
[null,"G","The technology is mostly predestined for lower temperature applications. Nevertheless, R&D projects are ongoing to reach supply temperatures up to 160 °C (therefore, also new refrigerants are investigated). E.g. http://dry-f.eu/"]
[null,"H","Only few manufacturers offers heat pumps with supply temperatures up to 100 °C (Ref. 3). The few existing heat pumps are mostly used for industrial purposes."]
[null,"I","Most heat pump applications in DH systems work with temperature levels up to 70 - 80 °C (Ref. 12). "]
[null,"J","No high scientifically resilient figures are available. According to Ref. 9, a learning rate of 5 % for material and the same for the work is assumed. But this figures are just estimations and mostly based on small-scale heat pumps. Higher learning rates could be expected for large-scale heat pumps."]
[null,"K","Given CAPEX estimation (2015-2050) is based on a 1 MWth heat pump. Although the CAPEX estimation is set \"high\", the lower and upper CAPEX figures show a bigger bandwith. The reason for this is, that only very few manufacturers dominate the large-scale market for heat pumps. But there are a lot of other heat pump manufacturers which would like to have higher market shares, whereby they offer their products at lower price levels. That means, chosing the manufacturer has a very high influence on the heat pump price."]
[null,"L","On average, Ref. 5 shows that the heat pump itself constitutes approx. 50 % of the total investment."]
[null,"M","Part load operation could increase variable O&M costs."]
[null,"N","Cost function only valid for the heat pumps itself in order to easily compare different heat sources. Normally the heat pump itself consumes approx. 50 % of total investment costs (see also the CAPEX breakdown structures for different heat sources). The function is based on reference project information and manufacturer estimative offers."]
[null,"O","Depends on future production figures, plant standardizations and of course on-site conditions. Large heat pumps could have long delivery times up to 1 year."]
[null,"P","Approximately 50 % is for the heat pump and the other half for other installations (e.g. interconnection, maintenance spare, etc.)."]
[null,"R","The future regulation service markets will have a big influence on regulation ability improvements (e.g. power-to-heat applications)."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):",null,"Ground water","Waste heat","Flue gas"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.47,0.49,0.48]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.31,0.16,0.2]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.06,0.13,0.2]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.1,0.13,0.04]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.03,0.04,0.05]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.03,0.05,0.03]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]

{"sheet":"5.2GasEngHeatPump","index":14,"n_rows":66,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":66,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"5.2 Gas engine-dricen compression heat pump"]
[]
[null,null,"Gas engine-dricen compression heat pump"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","0,025 - 0,85",null,null,null,null,null,0.02,1.2,0.02,2,null,"A","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Cooling generation capacity","MWth","0,025 - 0,70",null,null,null,null,null,0.02,0.85,0.02,1.5,null,null,"1, 2"]
[null,null,"Heating factor","%",155,155,157,158,160,null,110,170,120,170,null,"B","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Refrigeration factor","%",145,145,147,58,160,null,100,160,110,160,null,null,"1, 4"]
[null,null,"Heating, annual efficiency","%",120,125,130,135,140,null,115,135,120,150,null,"C","3, 4, 5"]
[null,null,"Cooling, annual efficiency","%",100,105,110,115,120,null,90,120,110,130,null,"D",4]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",1.2,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1,null,1,1.5,1,1.5,null,null,"3, 6"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",15,20,20,20,20,null,15,20,15,20,null,"E","2, 5, 7"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"--","-","--","-"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"o","(+)","o","+"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",18,18,18,18,18,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F",8]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",13,13,13,13,13,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"low"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2015/MWth",1.3,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1,0.9,null,1,1.6,0.8,1.3,null,null,"2, 4, 9"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.65,0.6,0.55000000000000004,0.5,0.45,null,0.48,0.72,0.36,0.54,null,null,2]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.65,0.6,0.55000000000000004,0,0.45,null,0.48,0.72,0.36,0.54,null,null,2]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",4.7,4.7,4.7,4.7,4.7,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G","2, 9"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth",2,2,2,2,2,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Marktübersicht Gaswärmepumpen 2013/14 Gasklimageräte, Gasmotorwärmepumpen, Gasabsorptionswärmepumpen, Gasabsorptionskälteanlagen, Gasadsorptionswärmepumpen: Angebot und Anbieter; ASUE, 2013"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Individual Heating Plants and Energy Transport (Updated chapters); Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, August 2016"]
[null,3,"BHKW-Kenndaten; ASUE, 2014"]
[null,4,"Gas Heat Pumps - Efficient heating and cooling with natural gas; GasTerra, 2010"]
[null,5,"BWP-Branchenstudie 2013 - Szenarien und politische Handlungsempfehlungen - BWP, 2013"]
[null,6,"Heizen und Kühlen mit Gaswärmepumpen / Gasklimageräten; ASUE, 2008"]
[null,7,"WAS KOSTET DIE ENERGIEWENDE? Wege zur Transformation des deutschen Energiesystems bis 2050; Fraunhofer ISE, 2015"]
[null,8,"Gaswärmepumpen; ASUE, 2002"]
[null,9,"Klimaneutraler Gebäudebestand 2050; Umweltbundesamt, 2016; Online available: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/klimaneutraler-gebaeudebestand-2050"]
[null,10,"Heizen, Kühlen und Klimatisieren mit Erdgas (Tagungsband der ASUE-Fachtung); ASUE, June 2016"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","The power output could be controlled in a range between 35 - 100 % by modulating the gas burners."]
[null,"B","Depending on model and application (heating temperature), the nominal efficiency can vary between around 1.2 and 1.6 NCV."]
[null,"C","Application: Ground heat to 60 - 70 °C supply temperature."]
[null,"D","Application: Cooling 6/12 °C."]
[null,"E","The technical life time of gas heat pumps is at least fifteen years if maintained according to manufacturer regulations (Ref. 6)."]
[null,"F","The emissions are calculated from fuel to thermal output, whereas the gas engine contributes with 50 % of 155 % heating factor (that means conversion factor of 50/155 from fuel to thermal output)."]
[null,"G","Maintenance on the gas engine is initially limited to an annual visual inspection. The engine oil, spark plugs and V-belt must be replaced every 10 000 operating hours. It takes approximately half a working day to inspect a standard installation. Every 30 000 operating hours the system requires an overhaul, during which components in the periphery of the engine are replaced as a precautionary measure. The revolving part of the engine remains unaltered. The compressors (usually scroll compressors) are entirely maintenance-free (Ref. 7)."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.4]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.3]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.1]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.05]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]

{"sheet":"5.3AbsHeatPump","index":15,"n_rows":70,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":70,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"5.3 Absorption heat pump"]
[]
[null,null,"Absorption heat pump"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","0,15 - 12",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,null,"Cooling generation capacity","MWth","0,1 - 10",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1]
[null,null,"COP Heating","%",170,170,171,172,173,null,140,170,140,175,null,"A","2, 3, 4"]
[null,null,"COP Cooling","%",70,70,71,72,73,null,40,70,40,75,null,"B","2, 3, 4"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,1.5,null,1,3,1,3,null,null,"2, 5"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,25,25,25,null,20,30,20,">30",null,null,"2, 5"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A ","N/A ","N/A ","N/A ","N/A ",null,null,null,null,null,null,"C","1, 4"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"N/A ","N/A ","N/A ","N/A ","N/A "]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"--","-","--","-",null,"D"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"o","(+)","o","+"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%","7 - 8 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"E",5]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2017/MWth",0.42,0.39,0.38,0.37,0.35,null,0.3,0.6,0.25,0.5,null,"F","2, 6, 7"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.21,0.19500000000000001,0.19,0.185,0.17499999999999999,null,0.15,0.24,0.14000000000000001,0.21,null,"G","5, 6"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.21,0.19500000000000001,0.19,0.185,0.17499999999999999,null,0.15,0.24,0.14000000000000001,0.21,null,null,"5, 6"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",2,2,2,2,2,null,1,3,1,3,null,null,5]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth",0.3,0.28000000000000003,0.25,0.24,0.23,null,0.3,0.4,0.2,0.3,null,null,5]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CAb-HP, single-effect(Q,th) = 0,42 * (Q,th)^(-0,205)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H",8]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CAb-HP, double-effect(Q,th) = 0,66 * (Q,th)^(-0,205)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"I",8]
[null,null,"Construction time","months",6,6,6,6,6,null,4,9,4,9,null,null,5]
[null,null,"Minimum load","%",10,10,10,10,10,null,10,10,10,10,null,"J",5]
[null,null,"Warm start-up time","h",0,0,0,0,0,null,0,1,0,1,null,null,5]
[null,null,"Cold start-up time","h",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,0.25,2,0.25,2,null,null,5]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Thermally driven heat pumps; IEA HPP Annex 34, 2013"]
[null,2,"Information of manufacturers; Communications between March - May 2017"]
[null,3,"Solar Energy; Christoph Richter, Daniel Lincot and Christian A. Gueymard, 2013 (© Springer Science+Business Media New York)"]
[null,4,"Absorption Chillers and Heat Pumps; Keith E. Herold, Reinhard Radermacher and Sanford A. Klein, 1996 (© Taylor & Francis Group, LLC)"]
[null,5,"Technology Data for Energy Plants; Energinet.dk, August 2016"]
[null,6,"Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in the European Union; EC-JRC, 2012"]
[null,7,"S.O.L.I.D. Gesellschaft für Solarinstallation und Design mbH (http://www.solid.at/en/)"]
[null,8,"PREISATLAS - Ableitung von Kostenfunktionen für Komponenten der rationellen Energienutzung; Lucas et al., 2002"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Based on a single-effect absorption machine typical COPs are between 1.4 - 1.7 (depending on temperature differeneces and on the working pairs). Due to thermodynamic / physical principles the COP is restricted to 1.8. See also: \"Zero - Order Model\"."]
[null,"B","COP cooling = COP Heating - 100%. See also: \"Zero - Order Model\"."]
[null,"C","Absorption heat pumps are not predestined for high supply temperature usage."]
[null,"D","The reachable temperatures for heating usage is limited through the crystallization line, which depends on vapour pressure and mass fraction of the media. E.g.: A single-effect machine could provide up to 80 °C for heating usage, based on 160 °C hot water source and 30 °C chilled water (Ref. 2). "]
[null,"E","Estimation based on Ref. 5 in which it is assumed that the costs are decreasing by 7 - 8 % for every doubling."]
[null,"F","Given CAPEX estimation (2015-2050) is based on a 1 MWth heat pump. For other thermal power ranges the given cost function could be used."]
[null,"G","Relation depends very much on-site conditions (e.g. specific type, availability of heat source, etc.)."]
[null,"H","Formula is based on given reference and adjusted with estimative offers. The formula could be used in a range of 1 - 10 MWth."]
[null,"I","Formula is based on given reference and formula used above. Note: The comparison of ref. 8 comes up with a factor of 1.58 higher costs for double than single-effect machines."]
[null,"J","Percent of full load operation."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.48]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.25]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.05]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]

{"sheet":"6.1.1.1SubcritSteam>20MWGas","index":16,"n_rows":74,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":74,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.1.1 Subcritical steam generator >20MW natural gas fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Subcritical steam generator >20MW natural gas fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2, 4"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","20 - 250"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","10 - 100"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",26,26,27,27,28,null,25,28,29,31]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",28,28,29,29,30,null,27,29,28,31,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",72,72,71,71,70,null,71,73,69,71,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",95,95,95,95,95,null,90,96,92,97]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",87,87,87,87,87,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",0.9,0.9,0.85,0.85,0.8,null,0.8,1.2,0.7,1,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,30,">30",">30",null,25,30,25,35]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","+","o","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",110,110,110,110,110,null,100,120,100,120]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",65,65,60,60,50,null,60,70,45,55]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",1.72,1.72,1.63,1.63,1.45,null,1.45,2.17,1.45,2.17,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",1.18,1.18,1.0900000000000001,1.0900000000000001,1,null,1,1.45,1,1.45]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",0.54,0.54,0.54,0.54,0.45,null,0.45,0.72,0.45,0.72]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",9,9,9,9,7,null,5,14,5,14]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,0.3,1,0.3,1]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=1,72*((135/x)^0,2)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-400"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0.24; Cv=0.43; slightly higher efficiencies estimated, since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0.32; Cv=0.59"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105°C; Cb=0.39; Cv=0.71"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0.47; Cv=0.85"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Austria"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 5%"]
[null,"L","Data correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","x… Electrical power generation [10 MWel … 100 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.25]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.08]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.12]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

{"sheet":"6.1.1.2SubcritSteam>20MWOil","index":17,"n_rows":74,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":74,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.1.2 Subcritical steam generator >20MW oil fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Subcritical steam generator >20MW oil fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2 , 4"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","20 - 250"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","10 - 100"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",24,24,24.5,25,25,null,23,26,24,27]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",28,28,29,29,30,null,27,29,28,31,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",72,72,71,71,70,null,71,73,69,72,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",89,89,89,89,89,null,85,91,86,92]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",81,81,81,81,81,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",0.9,0.9,0.85,0.85,0.8,null,0.8,1.2,0.7,1,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,"25-30",">30",">30",null,25,30,25,35]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","+","(o)","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",115,115,115,115,115,null,100,125,100,125]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",105,105,100,90,90,null,100,120,80,100]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",50,50,45,45,40,null,40,60,30,50]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",5,5,5,5,5,null,3,6,3,5]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",1.99,1.99,1.9,1.9,1.81,null,1.63,2.35,1.45,2.17,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",1.36,1.36,1.27,1.27,1.18,null,1.0900000000000001,1.54,1,1.45]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",0.63,0.63,0.63,0.63,0.63,null,0.54,0.81,0.45,0.72]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",9,9,8,8,7,null,5,14,5,14]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,null,0.4,1.1000000000000001,0.4,1.1000000000000001]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=1,99*((135/x)^0,2)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-400"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0.24; Cv=0.43; slightly higher efficiencies estimated. since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0.32; Cv=0.59"]
[null,"H","Design case. District heating water temperature 105 °C; Cb=0.39; Cv=0.71"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0.47; Cv=0.85"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Central Europe"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 5%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","x… Electrical power generation [10 MWel … 100 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.25]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.08]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.12]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

{"sheet":"6.1.1.3SubcritSteam>20MWBiomass","index":18,"n_rows":77,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":77,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.1.3 Subcritical steam generator >20MW biomass fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Subcritical steam generator >20MW biomass fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2 , 4, 10, 11"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","20 - 100"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","10 - 50"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",25,25,26,26,27,null,22,27,24,28]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",28.5,29,29,29.5,30,null,27,30,28,31,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",71.5,71,71,70.5,70,null,70,73,69,72,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",92,92,92.5,92.5,93,null,90,94,91,95]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",84,84,84.5,84.5,85,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",1.9,1.9,1.8,1.8,1.7,null,1.6,2.2999999999999998,1.4,2.1,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years","20-25","20-25",25,">25",">25",null,20,25,20,30]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","+","(o)","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 11"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",155,155,150,150,145,null,140,170,130,160]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",6,6,5,5,4,null,4,10,4,10]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",125,120,115,115,110,null,100,140,90,130]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",5,5,5,5,5,null,3,12,3,12]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 12"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",3.6,3.6,3.4,3.2,3,null,2.7,4.5,2.2999999999999998,4.0999999999999996,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",2.7,2.7,2.5,2.2999999999999998,2.1,null,2,3,1.6,2.7]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",0.9,0.9,0.9,0.9,0.9,null,0.7,1.4,0.7,1.4]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",45,45,36,36,27,null,27,72,18,54,null,"M"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,null,0.4,1.1000000000000001,0.4,1.1000000000000001]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=3,6*((60/x)^0,25)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-400"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Wien Energie: Biomasse Kraftwerk Simmering"]
[null,11,"Rechnungshofbericht Wien Energie Bundesforste Biomasse Kraftwerk"]
[null,12,"Wirtschaftlich effiziente Biomasse-Heizkraftwerke, Rolf Michler"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0,24; Cv=0,43; slightly higher efficiencies estimated, since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0,33; Cv=0,59"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105°C; Cb=0,40; Cv=0,71"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0,48; Cv=0,85"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Austria"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1,7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 5%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","Fuel handling / operation is estimated to be less cost intensive in future"]
[null,"N","x… Electrical power generation [10 MWel … 100 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.25]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.08]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.12]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

{"sheet":"6.1.1.4SubcritSteam>20MWCoal","index":19,"n_rows":76,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":76,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.1.4 Subcritical steam generator  >20MW coal fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Subcritical steam generator >20MW coal fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2 , 4, 10, 11"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","250 – 1 500"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","100 – 1 000"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",28,28,29,29,30,null,25,30,27,32]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",32,32,33,33,34,null,30,34,32,36,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",68,68,67,67,66,null,66,70,64,68,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",93,93,93.5,93.5,94,null,90,95,91,96]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",85,85,85.5,85.5,86,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",2.9,2.9,2.8,2.8,2.7,null,2.5,3.5,2.2999999999999998,3.3,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",35,35,35,35,35,null,30,40,30,40]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","+","(o)","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 11"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",145,145,140,140,130,null,130,160,120,150]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",85,85,80,80,75,null,50,100,30,100]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",70,70,65,65,60,null,50,85,40,70]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",4,4,4,4,4,null,3,6,2,5]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J, K","1, 3, 8, 9, 10"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1,1,0.9,null,0.9,1.6,0.8,1.6,null,"L, M"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",0.7,0.7,0.6,0.6,0.6,null,0.6,0.9,0.5,0.9]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",0.4,0.4,0.4,0.4,0.3,null,0.3,0.6,0.2,0.6]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",54,54,54,54,54,null,39,78,39,78]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",0.8,0.8,0.8,0.8,0.8,null,0.4,1.1000000000000001,0.4,1.1000000000000001]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=1,1*((875/x)^0,1)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-400"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG: Kohlekraftwerk Heilbronn, Block 7"]
[null,11,"Kohlekraftwerk Voitsberg; Lecture TU Graz 1997"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel.aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0.31; Cv=0.48; slightly higher efficiencies estimated. since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0.40; Cv=0.62"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105°C; Cb=0.47; Cv=0.74"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0.56; Cv=0.86"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Germany"]
[null,"K","Optional additive fuel to coal (biomass or solid waste) is investigated together with pure coal fired steam generation. since performance modifications are marginal. Nominal investment for steam generation units that are capable to fire biomass or solid waste additives to coal are slightly higher than for pure coal fired units, but this difference is covered by the assumed error margin."]
[null,"L","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 3%"]
[null,"M","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"N","x… Electrical power generation [100 MWel … 1000 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.25]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.08]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.12]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

{"sheet":"6.1.1.5SubcritSteam>20MWWaste","index":20,"n_rows":79,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":79,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.1.5 Subcritical steam generator >20MW solid waste fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Subcritical steam generator >20MW solid waste fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note ","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2 , 4, 10, 11, 13"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","10 - 50"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","5 - 25"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",17.5,17.5,18,18.5,19,null,15,19,17,21]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",23,23,23.5,23.5,24,null,22,24,23,25,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",77,77,76.5,76.5,76,null,76,78,75,77,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",89,89,89.5,89.5,90,null,85,91,86,92]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",81,81,81.5,81.5,82,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption ","%",3,3,2.5,2.5,2,null,2,4,1.5,4,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",20,25,25,25,30,null,20,25,25,35]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","+","(o)","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",150,150,145,145,140,null,120,170,110,160]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",12,11,10,8,6,null,10,15,5,15]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",41,40,35,35,30,null,30,60,20,50]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",4,4,3,3,3,null,3,8,2,8]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9, 10"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",7.2,7.2,6.9,6.9,6.7,null,5.6,8.9,5.6,8.9,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",5,5,4.7,4.7,4.5,null,3.8,6,3.8,6]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",2.2000000000000002,2.2000000000000002,2.2000000000000002,2.2000000000000002,2.2000000000000002,null,1.8,2.9,1.8,2.9]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",201,201,190,190,179,null,112,268,89,246]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max","1","1","1","1","1",null,0.5,1.5,0.5,1.5]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=7,2*((30/x)^0,3)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-400"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Operator’s data (direct): Waste to Energy Plant Niklasdorf"]
[null,11,"Umweltbundesamt: Leitfaden zur Umweltverträglichkeitserklärung für Abfallverbrennungsanlagen, thermische Kraftwerke und Feuerungsanlagen; Report 0193; 2008"]
[null,12,"Umweltbundesamt: Stand der Technik bei Abfallverbrennungsanlagen"]
[null,13,"World Bank Technical Guidance Report – Municipal Solid Waste Incineration"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel.aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0.12; Cv=0.27; slightly higher efficiencies estimated. since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0.22; Cv=0.48"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105°C; Cb=0.29; Cv=0.64"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0.36; Cv=0.81"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Austria"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 7%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","x… Electrical power generation [5 MWel … 25 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.25]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.08]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.12]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D71:D78)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.2.1SupercritSteam>100MWGas","index":21,"n_rows":79,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":79,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.2.1 Subcritical steam generator >100MW gas fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Subcritical steam generator >100MW gas fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1,2,4"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","300 - 1000"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","300 - 1500"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",31,31,32,32,32,null,29,33,30,35]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",34,34,35,35,36,null,33,35,35,37,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",66,66,65,65,64,null,65,67,63,65,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",95,95,95,95,95,null,92,96,93,97]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average ","%",87,87,87,87,87,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",2.2000000000000002,2.2000000000000002,2,2,1.9,null,2,3,1.5,2.5,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,"25-30",">30",">30",null,25,30,25,35]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","+","(o)","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5,6,7"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",110,110,110,110,110,null,100,120,100,120]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",65,65,60,60,50,null,60,70,45,55]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1,3,8,9"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",1.01,1.01,0.94,0.94,0.94,null,0.87,1.45,0.72,1.45,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",0.72,0.72,0.65,0.65,0.65,null,0.57999999999999996,1.02,0.5,1.02]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,null,0.28999999999999998,0.43,0.22,0.43]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",6,6,6,6,5,null,4,10,4,10]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,0.3,1,0.3,1]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=1,01*((650/x)^0,15)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-6000 series"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0.36; Cv=0.52; slightly higher efficiencies estimated. since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0.45; Cv=0.65"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105 °C; Cb=0.52; Cv=0.76"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0.61; Cv=0.87"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Germany"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 3%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","x… Electrical power generation [300 MWel … 1500 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.3]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.26]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.08]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.12]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D71:D78)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.2.2SupercritSteam>100MWOil","index":22,"n_rows":75,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":75,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.2.2 Subcritical steam generator >100MW oil fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Subcritical steam generator >100MW oil fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2 , 4"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","300 - 1000"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","300 - 1500"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]","29","29","30","30","31",null,"28","31","30","33"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%","34","34","35","35","35",null,"33","36","34","36",null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%","66","66","65","65","65",null,"64","67","64","66",null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%","89","89","89","89","89",null,"88","92","88","92"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%","81","81","81","81","81",null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",2.4,2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,2.2000000000000002,2.1,null,"2","3","2","3",null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years","25","25","25","25","25",null,"25",">25","25",">25"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","+","(o)","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",125,125,125,125,125,null,100,150,100,150]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",70,70,60,60,60,null,60,90,50,80]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",20,20,15,15,15,null,15,25,10,20]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",3,3,3,3,3,null,2,5,2,4]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",1.1599999999999999,1.1599999999999999,1.01,1.01,1.01,null,1.01,1.59,0.72,1.45,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",0.8,0.8,0.72,0.72,0.72,null,0.65,1.08,0.5,1.02]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",0.36,0.36,0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,0.28999999999999998,null,0.36,0.51,0.22,0.43]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a","6","6","5","5","5",null,"4","12","4","10"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,null,0.4,1.1000000000000001,0.4,1.1000000000000001]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=1,16*((650/x)^0,15)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-6000 series"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel.aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0.36; Cv=0.52; slightly higher efficiencies estimated. since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0.45; Cv=0.65"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105 °C; Cb=0.52; Cv=0.76"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0.61; Cv=0.87"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Germany"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 3%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","x… Electrical power generation [300 MWel … 1500 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.3]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.26]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.08]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.12]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D67:D74)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.2.3SupercritSteam>100MWCoal","index":23,"n_rows":78,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":78,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.2.3 Subcritical steam generator >100MW coal fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Subcritical steam generator >100MW coal fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 12"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","500 - 3000"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","300 - 1500"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",28,28,29,29,30,null,25,30,27,32]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",33.200000000000003,33.5,34,34,35,null,32,34,33,37,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",66.8,66.5,66,66,65,null,66,68,63,67,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",91,91,91.5,91.5,92,null,88,93,88,95]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",83,83,83.5,83.5,84,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",3.5,3.5,3,3,2.5,null,2.5,4.5,1.5,4,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",">35",">35",">35",">35",">35",null,25,40,25,40]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"-","(o)","-","(o)",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 11, 12"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",150,150,145,145,140,null,130,160,120,150]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",88,85,80,80,75,null,50,100,30,100]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",70,70,65,65,60,null,50,85,40,70]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",4,4,4,3,3,null,3,6,2,5]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 12"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",1.1100000000000001,1.1100000000000001,1.04,1.04,0.97,null,0.97,1.53,0.83,1.39,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",0.76,0.76,0.69,0.69,0.69,null,0.55000000000000004,0.98,0.55000000000000004,0.9]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",0.35,0.35,0.35,0.35,0.28000000000000003,null,0.42,0.55000000000000004,0.28000000000000003,0.49]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",55,55,55,55,55,null,42,69,42,69]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",0.8,0.8,0.8,0.8,0.8,null,0.4,1.1000000000000001,0.4,1.1000000000000001]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=1,11*((1000/x)^0,1)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-400"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG: Kohlekraftwerk Heilbronn, Block 7"]
[null,11,"Kohlekraftwerk Voitsberg; Lecture TU Graz 1997"]
[null,12,"Bezirksregierung Münster: Kohlekraftwerk Datteln 4, Immissionsschutzrechtlicher Genehmigungsbescheid 2017"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel.aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0.32; Cv=0.45; slightly higher efficiencies estimated. since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0.42; Cv=0.58"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105°C; Cb=0.50; Cv=0.69"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0.59; Cv=0.80"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Germany"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 2%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","x… Electrical power generation [300 MWel … 1500 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.3]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.26]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.08]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.12]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D70:D77)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.3.1NatGasTurbineSmall","index":24,"n_rows":77,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":77,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.3.1 Natural gas fired gas turbine small"]
[]
[null,null,"Natural gas fired gas turbine small"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2, 4, 10"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","1 - 50"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","0,5 - 30"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]","31","31","32","33","33",null,"29","33","31","36"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%","36","36","37","37","38",null,"34","38","36","40",null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%","64","64","63","63","62",null,"62","66","60","64",null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%","85","85","85","85","85",null,"83","88","83","90"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%","77","77","77","77","77",null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",0.8,0.8,0.7,0.7,0.7,null,0.7,0.9,0.6,0.8,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years","30","30","35","35","35",null,"25","35","30","40"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","+","o","+",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"-","o","-","o"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",100,100,100,100,100,null,90,110,90,110,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 10"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",85,85,80,75,70,null,60,100,50,80]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1, 3, 8, 9, 10,11"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.99,0.99,0.9,0.9,0.81,null,0.9,1.08,0.72,0.99,null,"H, I"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.63,0.63,0.54,0.54,0.45,null,0.54,0.72,0.45,0.63]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,ISO",0.36,0.36,0.36,0.36,0.36,null,0.36,0.36,0.27,0.36]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,ISO/a",10,10,9,9,8,null,7,14,5,11]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,ISO",8,8,8,8,8,null,5,12,5,12,null,"J"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=0,99*((25/x)^0,35)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for gas turbine SGT-300"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Gas Turbine World 2014 – 2015 Handbook, Volume 31; 2015"]
[null,11,"Budget Offer Comp. Wulff & UMAG for Heat Exchanger"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","Cb factor approximately independent from district heating temperature. Cb mainly connected to gas turbine model (gas turbine efficiency). The higher gas turbine efficiency, the higher Cb factor. In this case for small GTs: Cb=0.55; Cv=1"]
[null,"G","Reference location is Germany"]
[null,"H","Financial data is given per electric power, GT running at ISO conditions"]
[null,"I","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures is insignificant"]
[null,"J","Split between fixed and variable O&M cost is depending on the maintenance contract with the GT manufacturer. Costs here are allocated to variable O&M"]
[null,"K","x… Electrical power generation [0.5 MWel … 30 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.24]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.21]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.13]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.09]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.14000000000000001]
[null,null,"Interconnection",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D69:D76)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.3.2NatGasTurbineMedium","index":25,"n_rows":76,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":76,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.3.2 Natural gas fired gas turbine medium"]
[]
[null,null,"Natural gas fired gas turbine medium"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2, 4, 10"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","50 - 300"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","30 - 250"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",34,35,35,36,36,null,32,36,38,40]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",40,41,41,42,42,null,38,42,40,44,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",60,59,59,58,58,null,58,62,56,60,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",85,85,85,85,85,null,83,88,83,90]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",77,77,77,77,77,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",1,1,0.9,0.9,0.9,null,0.9,1.1000000000000001,0.8,1,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",30,30,35,35,35,null,25,35,30,40]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","+","o","+",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"-","o","-","o"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 10"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",110,110,110,110,110,null,100,120,100,120]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",60,60,55,50,45,null,50,80,30,70]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G","1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.45,0.45,0.37,0.37,0.37,null,0.37,0.52,0.3,0.45,null,"H, I"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.3,0.3,0.22,0.22,0.22,null,0.25,0.34,0.2,0.3]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,ISO",0.15,0.15,0.15,0.15,0.15,null,0.12,0.18,0.1,0.15]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,ISO/a",8,7,7,7,6,null,6,9,4,7]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,ISO",7,7,7,7,7,null,5,8,5,8,null,"J"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=0,45*((175/x)^0,25)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for gas turbine SGT5-2000E"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Gas Turbine World 2014 – 2015 Handbook, Volume 31; 2015"]
[null,11,"Budget Offer Comp. Wulff & UMAG for Heat Exchanger"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","Cb factor approximately independent from district heating temperature. Cb mainly connected to gas turbine model (gas turbine efficiency). The higher gas turbine efficiency, the higher Cb factor. In this case for medium GTs: Cb=0.67; Cv=1"]
[null,"G","Reference location is Germany"]
[null,"H","Financial data is given per electric power, GT running at ISO conditions"]
[null,"I","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures is insignificant"]
[null,"J","Split between fixed and variable O&M cost is depending on the maintenance contract with the GT manufacturer. Costs here are allocated to variable O&M"]
[null,"K","x… Electrical power generation [30 MWel … 250 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.24]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.21]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.13]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.09]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.14000000000000001]
[null,null,"Interconnection",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]

{"sheet":"6.1.3.3NatGasTurbineLarge","index":26,"n_rows":77,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":77,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.3.3 Natural gas fired gas turbine Large"]
[]
[null,null,"Natural gas fired gas turbine Large"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2, 4, 10"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","300-1000"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","250-850"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",40,40,41,41,42,null,38,42,40,44]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",45,46,46,47,47,null,44,46,46,48,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",55,55,55,55,55,null,54,56,52,54,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",89,89,89,89,89,null,85,90,85,90]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",81,81,81,81,81,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",1.2,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,null,1,1.3,0.9,1.2,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",30,30,35,35,35,null,25,35,30,40]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","+","o","+",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o","o","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"-","o","-","o"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 10"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",115,115,115,115,115,null,100,130,100,130]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",35,35,30,30,25,null,30,50,20,50]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G","1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.39,0.38,0.37,0.37,0.36,null,0.37,0.43,0.31,0.43,null,"H, I"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.27,0.26,0.25,0.25,0.24,null,0.25,0.28000000000000003,0.2,0.28000000000000003]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,ISO",0.12,0.12,0.12,0.12,0.12,null,0.12,0.15,0.11,0.15]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,ISO/a",5,5,4,4,4,null,4,7,3,6]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,ISO",5,5,5,5,5,null,3,6,3,6,null,"J"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=0,39*((350/x)^0,15)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for gas turbine SGT6-800H"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Gas Turbine World 2014 – 2015 Handbook, Volume 31; 2015"]
[null,11,"Budget Offer Comp. Wulff & UMAG for Heat Exchanger"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","Cb factor approximately independent from district heating temperature. Cb mainly connected to gas turbine model (gas turbine efficiency). The higher gas turbine efficiency, the higher Cb factor. In this case for large GTs: Cb=0.81; Cv=1"]
[null,"G","Reference location is Germany"]
[null,"H","Financial data is given per electric power, GT running at ISO conditions"]
[null,"I","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures is insignificant"]
[null,"J","Split between fixed and variable O&M cost is depending on the maintenance contract with the GT manufacturer. Costs here are allocated to variable O&M"]
[null,"K","x… Electrical power generation [> 250 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.24]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.21]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.13]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.09]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.14000000000000001]
[null,null,"Interconnection",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D69:D76)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.4NatGasTurbineCombinedCycle","index":27,"n_rows":76,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":76,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.4 Natural gas fired gas turbine in combined cycle configuration"]
[]
[null,null," Natural gas fired gas turbine in combined cycle configuration"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2, 4, 10"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","50 - 500"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","50 - 500"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",42,43,44,45,45,null,40,50,42,54]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power ","%",54,54,55,56,56,null,52,56,54,58,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating ","%",46,46,45,44,44,null,44,48,42,46,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",80,80,80,80,80,null,75,85,75,85]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average ","%",73,73,73,73,73,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption ","%",2.2999999999999998,2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,2.2000000000000002,2.2000000000000002,null,2,3,2,3,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",30,30,30,35,35,null,25,35,25,40]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)",null,"(-)","+","(-)","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 10"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",150,150,140,140,140,null,120,170,120,170]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",75,75,70,70,65,null,60,90,50,80]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9, 10"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",1.2,1.2,1.1000000000000001,1.1000000000000001,1,null,1.1000000000000001,1.3,0.9,1.2,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",0.8,0.8,0.7,0.7,0.7,null,0.8,0.9,0.6,0.8]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",0.4,0.4,0.4,0.4,0.3,null,0.3,0.4,0.3,0.4]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",5,5,4,4,4,null,4,7,4,6]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",5,5,5,5,5,null,3,6,3,6,null,"M"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=1,2*((300/x)^0,20)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for gas turbine SGT5-2000E"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Gas Turbine World 2014 – 2015 Handbook, Volume 31; 2015"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=1.06; Cv=0.79; slightly higher efficiencies estimated, since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=1,14; Cv=0,85"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105°C; Cb=1.18; Cv=0.88"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=1.27; Cv=0.94"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Central Europe"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) with condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power at STG); GT is running at ISO conditions; for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 2%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","Split between fixed and variable O&M cost is depending on the maintenance contract with the GT manufacturer. Costs here are allocated to variable O&M"]
[null,"O","x… Electrical power generation [50 MWel … 500 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.26]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.24]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.08]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.14000000000000001]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.06]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D68:D75)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.5.1GasEngICENatGas","index":28,"n_rows":80,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":80,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.5.1 Gas engine ICE natural gas fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Gas engine ICE natural gas fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 14"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","1 - 9,0"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","0,8 - 11"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]"," 44"," 44","44"," 44","44",null,"35","50","37","50"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",49,49,51,53,53,null,43,55,47,49,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",51,51,49,47,47,null,45,57,41,53,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",88,88,90,92,92,null,84,92,86,97]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",82,82,84,86,86,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,null,0.1,0.3,0.1,0.3,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",30,30,35,35,35,null,25,35,30,37]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"--","--","--","--",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)",null,"(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 12, 13"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",120,120,115,110,110,null,100,140,90,140]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",180,160,125,125,125,null,100,250,50,200]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G","1, 3, 8, 9, 13"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.7,0.7,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,0.5,1,0.4,0.9,null,"H, I"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.6,0.6,0.4,0.4,0.4,null,0.4,0.7,0.3,0.7]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,ISO",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,null,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,ISO/a",9,9,9,9,9,null,7,12,7,12]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,ISO",7,7,7,7,7,null,6,13,6,13,null,"J"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=0,7*((4,7/x)^0,30)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for Gas Engines, GE Energy, Jenbacher"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Clarke Energy, Gas Engines"]
[null,11,"Data sheet jenbacher Gas Engines Type 2 to Type 9 / J920"]
[null,12,"Industrieverband (VDAMA): Abgasgesetzgebung Diesel- und Gasmotoren"]
[null,13,"Klima- und Energiefonds: Blue Globe Report- Energieeffizienz: Gasmotor der Zukunft; 2008"]
[null,14,"MWM: Aufbau von Energieanlagen mit Gasmotor-Antrieb"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”, Heat output separated into engine cooling system (~ 50% output) and exhaust gas heat exchanger output (~ 50%)"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","Cb factor approximately independent from district heating temperature. Cb mainly connected to gas engine exhaust temperature. In this case: Cb=1.22; Cv=1.0 Efficiency mainly depends on incoming water temperatures. Gas engine cooling system can operate near to 70 °C, higher temperatures have been cooled down. "]
[null,"G","Reference location is Germany"]
[null,"H","Financial data is given per electric power, gas engine running at ISO conditions"]
[null,"I","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures is insignificant. Thermal output have to be changed"]
[null,"J","ASUE BHKW Kenndaten 2014/15, cost function y=8.63*MWel^(-0.317) adapted by a multiplier of 1.5 because of other related systems (Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), pumps, etc.), Reference value= 6 MW."]
[null,"K","x… Electrical power generation [1 MWel … 11 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.26]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.21]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.08]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.12]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.15]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.06]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D72:D79)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.5.2GasEngICEBiogas","index":29,"n_rows":80,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":80,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.5.2 Gas engine ICE biogas fired"]
[]
[null,null,"Gas engine ICE biogas fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 14"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","0,4 - 9,0"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","0,3 - 11"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",null,null,41,null,null,null,35,50,40,50]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",49,49,51,53,53,null,43,55,47,59,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",51,51,49,47,47,null,45,57,41,53,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",85,85,86,88,88,null,81,92,83,92]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",79,79,80,82,82,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.2,null,0.1,0.3,0.1,0.3,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,30,30,30,null,20,30,25,35]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"--","--","--","--",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)",null,"(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 12, 13"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",210,210,200,190,190,null,180,240,100,210]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",160,140,120,120,120,null,110,170,90,150]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",205,170,150,150,150,null,100,250,100,190]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 3, 8, 9, 13"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.8,0.8,0.7,0.7,0.7,null,0.6,1.2,0.5,1.1000000000000001,null,"H, I"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,ISO",0.7,0.7,0.6,0.6,0.6,null,0.5,1,0.4,0.9]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,ISO",0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1,null,0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,ISO/a",9,9,9,9,9,null,6,12,2,9]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,ISO",13.1,13.1,13.1,13.1,13.1,null,11,29,11,29,null,"J"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=0,8*((4,7/x)^0,30)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for Gas Engines, GE Energy, Jenbacher"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Clarke Energy, Gas Engines"]
[null,11,"Data sheet jenbacher Gas Engines Type 2 to Type 9 / J920"]
[null,12,"Industrieverband (VDAMA): Abgasgesetzgebung Diesel- und Gasmotoren"]
[null,13,"Klima- und Energiefonds: Blue Globe Report- Energieeffizienz: Gasmotor der Zukunft; 2008"]
[null,14,"MWM: Aufbau von Energieanlagen mit Gasmotor-Antrieb"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","Cb factor approximately independent from district heating temperature. Cb mainly connected to gas engine exhaust temperature. In this case: Cb=1.22; Cv=1.0"]
[null,"G","Reference location is Germany"]
[null,"H","Financial data is given per electric power, gas engine running at ISO conditions"]
[null,"I","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures is insignificant"]
[null,"J","ASUE BHKW Kenndaten 2014/15, cost function y=19.4*MWel^(-0.411) adapted by a multiplier of 1.5 because of other related systems (SCR, pumps, etc.), indicated Reference value= 7 MW."]
[null,"K","x… Electrical power generation [1 MWel … 11 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.26]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.21]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.08]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.12]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.15]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.06]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.05]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D72:D79)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.6.1GasifiedBiomassCHPP","index":30,"n_rows":82,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":82,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.6.1 Gasified biomass fired CHPP"]
[]
[null,null,"Gasified biomass fired CHPP"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note ","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2 , 4, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","5 - 30"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","1 - 15"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",18,18,19,19,20,null,17,20,19,22]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",23,23,24,24,24,null,22,24,23,25,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",77,77,76,76,76,null,76,78,75,77,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",85,85,85,85,85,null,80,90,80,90]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",78,78,78,78,78,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",2.2999999999999998,2.2000000000000002,2.1,2,2,null,2,3,1.5,2.5,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",20,25,25,25,30,null,20,25,25,30]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","+","o","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 11, 13"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",170,170,170,170,170,null,140,200,140,200]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< ",null,"< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",70,70,65,65,60,null,50,100,40,90]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 12"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",5.3,5.3,5.0999999999999996,4.9000000000000004,4.7,null,4.3,6.5,3.7,5.8,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",3.4,3.4,3.2,3,3,null,3,4.3,2.6,3.9]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",1.9,1.9,1.9,1.9,1.7,null,1.3,2.2000000000000002,1.1000000000000001,1.9]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",108,108,97,97,86,null,65,129,43,108,null,"M"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",4,4,4,4,4,null,3,6,3,6]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=5,3*((7,5/x)^0,25)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-400"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Wien Energie: Biomasse Kraftwerk Simmering"]
[null,11,"Rechnungshofbericht Wien Energie Bundesforste Biomasse Kraftwerk"]
[null,12,"Wirtschaftlich effiziente Biomasse-Heizkraftwerke, Rolf Michler"]
[null,13,"Biomass IGCC at Varnamo, Sweden"]
[null,14,"Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erneuerbare Energie Dachverband"]
[null,15,"County Meath, Ireland; B&W Volund"]
[null,16,"Biomasse Kraftwerk Güssing; Repotec"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel.aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0.12; Cv=0.27; slightly higher efficiencies estimated. since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0.23; Cv=0.49"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105 °C; Cb=0.3; Cv=0.64"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0.38; Cv=0.81"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Sweden"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 7%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","Fuel handling / operation is estimated to be less cost intensive in future"]
[null,"N","x…Electrical power generation  [1…15 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.22]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.06]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.11]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.19]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.04]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.03]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D74:D81)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.6.2GasifiedWasteCHPP","index":31,"n_rows":81,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":81,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.6.2 Gasified solid waste fired CHPP"]
[]
[null,null,"Gasified solid waste fired CHPP"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2 , 4, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","50 - 200"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","25 - 100"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",23,23,23,24,24,null,21,25,22,26]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",29,29,29,30,30,null,28,30,29,31,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",71,71,71,70,70,null,70,72,69,711,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",85,85,85,85,85,null,83,87,83,87]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",78,78,78,78,78,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",3.5,3.5,3.3,3.1,3,null,2,4,1,3,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",20,20,25,25,30,null,20,30,25,35]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","+","o","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",180,180,180,180,180,null,150,250,150,250]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",100,100,90,80,70,null,80,120,50,100]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9, 10"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",6,6,5.7,5.3,5.2,null,4.3,6.8,3.4,6.8,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",3.9,3.9,3.6,3.4,3.3,null,2.9,4.5999999999999996,2.4,4.5999999999999996]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",2.1,2.1,2.1,1.9,1.9,null,1.4,2.2000000000000002,1,2.2000000000000002]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",163,163,154,154,154,null,86,206,86,206]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",3,3,3,3,3,null,1,5,1,5]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=6*((75/x)^0,2)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for steam turbine SST-400"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Operator’s data (direct): Waste to Energy Plant Niklasdorf"]
[null,11,"Umweltbundesamt: Leitfaden zur Umweltverträglichkeitserklärung für Abfallverbrennungsanlagen, thermische Kraftwerke und Feuerungsanlagen; Report 0193; 2008"]
[null,12,"Umweltbundesamt: Stand der Technik bei Abfallverbrennungsanlagen"]
[null,13,"World Bank Technical Guidance Report – Municipal Solid Waste Incineration"]
[null,14,"Saacke: Vergasung fester Abfälle; Power Plant Lahti"]
[null,15,"County Meath, Ireland; B&W Volund"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=0.25; Cv=0.44; slightly higher efficiencies estimated, since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=0.35; Cv=0.60"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105 °C; Cb=0.42; Cv=0.72"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=0.50; Cv=0.85"]
[null,"J","Reference location is Ireland / Finland"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power); for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine at proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 5%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","x…Electrical power generation  [25…100 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.22]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.06]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.11]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.19]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.04]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.03]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D73:D80)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.6.3GasifiedCoalCHPP","index":32,"n_rows":79,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":79,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.6.3 Gasified coal fired CHPP"]
[]
[null,null,"Gasified coal fired CHPP"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","100 - 500"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","100 - 500"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",41,41,42,42,42,null,38,44,39,45]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",54,54,55,55,55,null,52,56,53,57,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",46,46,45,45,45,null,44,48,43,47,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",80,80,80,80,80,null,75,85,75,85]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",73,73,73,73,73,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",4,4,3.5,3.5,3.5,null,2,5,1.5,4.5,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",30,30,35,35,35,null,25,35,30,40]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","+","o","+",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"H"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"I"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",200,200,200,200,200,null,50,300,50,300]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",20,20,18,18,15,null,15,50,10,45]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",2.5,2.5,2.4,2.4,2.2000000000000002,null,2.2000000000000002,3.7,1.9,3,null,"K, L"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",1.6,1.6,1.5,1.5,1.4,null,1.5,2.6,1.3,2]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",0.9,0.9,0.9,0.9,0.8,null,0.7,1.1000000000000001,0.6,1]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",6,6,6,6,6,null,4,7,4,7]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",5,5,5,5,5,null,4,7,4,7]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=2,5*((300/x)^0,15)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Brochure for gas turbine SGT5-2000E"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Gas Turbine World 2014 – 2015 Handbook, Volume 31; 2015"]
[null,11,"Power Plant Kemper county"]
[null,12,"RWE IGCC / CCS Power Plant"]
[null,13,"Kraftwerke mit Kohle Vergasung; BINE Informationsdienst"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","District heating steam temperature 185 °C; Cb=1.06; Cv=0.79; slightly higher efficiencies estimated, since steam turbine’s isentropic efficiency decreases from high to low pressure."]
[null,"G","District heating water temperature 135 °C; Cb=1.14; Cv=0.85"]
[null,"H","Design case! District heating water temperature 105 °C; Cb=1.18; Cv=0.88"]
[null,"I","District heating water temperature 70 °C; Cb=1.27; Cv=0.94"]
[null,"J","Reference location is USA / Germany"]
[null,"K","Data is related to a IGCC with condensing steam turbine with extraction at 1.7 bar running in “only electric power mode” (maximum electric power at STG); GT is running at ISO conditions; for financial data using a backpressure steam turbine @ proper backpressure values for district heating reduce values for nominal investment (equipment & installation) by appr. 2%"]
[null,"L","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures estimated within error margin"]
[null,"M","x…Electrical power generation  [100…500 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.22]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.06]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.11]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.19]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.04]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.03]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D71:D78)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.7.1ORCBiomass","index":33,"n_rows":77,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":77,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.7.1 Organic Rankine Cycle biomass fired"]
[]
[null,null," Organic Rankine Cycle biomass fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","10 - 50"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","1 - 8"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",12.8,13,13.5,14,14,null,12,14,13,16]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",17.8,18,18,18.5,18.5,null,16,20,17,21,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",82.2,82,82,81.5,81.5,null,80,84,79,83,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",76.7,77,78,79,80,null,75,80,75,85]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average ","%",70,70,71,72,73,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",1.7,1.7,1.6,1.5,1.5,null,1,2,1,2,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,30,30,30,null,20,25,25,35]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","-","o","-",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","+","o","+"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",130,130,130,125,125,null,110,150,90,130]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",5,5,4,4,3,null,4,10,4,10]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",100,95,90,90,85,null,90,120,80,100]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",5,5,5,5,5,null,3,12,3,12]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H","1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",4.7,4.7,4.5999999999999996,4.5999999999999996,4.5,null,4,5,3.8,5,null,"I"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",3.53,3.53,3.45,3.45,3.38,null,3,3.75,2.85,3.75]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",1.18,1.18,1.1499999999999999,1.1499999999999999,1.1299999999999999,null,1,1.25,0.95,1.25]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",45,44,42,42,40,null,40,50,35,50]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",8,8,8,8,8,null,5,10,5,10]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=4,7*((4/x)^0,25)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Turboden CHP Units – Typical sizes and Performances"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung, 4.te Auflage, Springer, Schaumann/Schmitz"]
[null,11,"Budget Offer: BIOS Bioenergiesysteme GmbH"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","Low fuel utilization"]
[null,"G","Cb factor approximately independent from district heating temperature. Cb mainly connected to ORC process parameters. In this case: Cb=0.22; Cv=1.0"]
[null,"H","Reference location is Central Europe"]
[null,"I","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures is insignificant"]
[null,"J","x…Electrical power generation  [1…8 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.3]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.18]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.08]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.09]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.18]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.06]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.04]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D69:D76)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.1.7.2ORCWaste","index":34,"n_rows":81,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":81,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.1.7.2 Organic Rankine Cycle solid waste fired"]
[]
[null,null," Organic Rankine Cycle solid waste fired"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper",null,null,"1, 2 , 4, 10, 11, 13"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","10 - 50"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","1 - 8"]
[null,null,"Net electrical efficiency","[%]",14.5,14.5,15,15,15,null,12,15,13,16]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to el. Power","%",17.8,18,18,18.5,18.5,null,16,20,17,21,null,"A"]
[null,null,"degree of fuel utilization accountable to district heating","%",82.2,82,82,81.5,81.5,null,80,84,79,83,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, nominal load ","%",87,87,88,88,89,null,75,90,75,90]
[null,null,"Total degree of utilization, annual average","%",79,79,80,80,81,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C, D"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%",1.7,1.7,1.6,1.5,1.5,null,1,2,1,2,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",25,25,30,30,30,null,20,25,25,35]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","-","o","-",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","+","o","+"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",150,150,145,145,140,null,130,170,120,160]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",6,6,5,5,4,null,4,10,4,10]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",120,115,110,110,100,null,90,150,70,130]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< "]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",12,11,10,10,8,null,5,15,5,15]
[null,null,"C. Financial data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H","1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15"]
[null,null,"Quality of estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWel,max",15.9,15.5,15,15,14,null,10,20,10,20,null,"I"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel,max",9.5,9.3000000000000007,9,9,8.4,null,6,12,6,12]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel,max",6.4,6.2,6,6,5.6,null,4,8,4,8]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel,max/a",160,150,150,140,140,null,100,200,100,200]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel,max",8,8,8,8,8,null,5,10,5,10]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWel","Invest(x)=15,9*((4/x)^0,25)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator, Projections for 2010-2050"]
[null,2,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Technical Report, ISBN: 978-87-7844-931-3. Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, 2012"]
[null,3,"Cost Report- Cost And Performance Data For Power Generation Technologies; Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory February 2012; Black&Veatch Holding Company 2011"]
[null,4,"Turboden CHP Units – Typical sizes and Performances"]
[null,5,"Emissionen aus Verbrennungsvorgängen zur Raumwärmeerzeugung, Umweltbundesamt"]
[null,6,"Emissionsfaktoren als Grundlage für die österreichische Luftschadstoff – Inventur, Umwelbundesamt"]
[null,7,"Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control – Reference Document on BAT teechniques for large combustion plants; 2006"]
[null,8,"Stromerzeugungskosten im Vergleich, Uni Stuttgart, Feb 2008"]
[null,9,"„Projektmanagement im Energiebereich“, Verlag: Springer Gabler; Lau/Dechange/Flegel; ISBN 978-3-658-00267-1; 2013"]
[null,10,"Operator’s data (direct): Waste to Energy Plant Niklasdorf"]
[null,11,"Umweltbundesamt: Leitfaden zur Umweltverträglichkeitserklärung für Abfallverbrennungsanlagen, thermische Kraftwerke und Feuerungsanlagen; Report 0193; 2008"]
[null,12,"Umweltbundesamt: Stand der Technik bei Abfallverbrennungsanlagen"]
[null,13,"World Bank Technical Guidance Report – Municipal Solid Waste Incineration"]
[null,14,"Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung, 4.te Auflage, Springer, Schaumann/Schmitz"]
[null,15,"Budget Offer: BIOS Bioenergiesysteme GmbH"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","=Pel/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"B","=Pth/(Pel+Pth) in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"C","based on planned availability of 8 000 h/a (DH+GEN)"]
[null,"D","uncertainty depending on (unplanned) maintenance"]
[null,"E","=MWel,aux.pwr/MWth in “heat and power mode”"]
[null,"F","Low fuel utilization"]
[null,"G","Cb factor approximately independent from district heating temperature. Cb mainly connected to ORC process parameters. In this case: Cb=0.22; Cv=1.0"]
[null,"H","Reference location is Central Europe"]
[null,"I","Data Correction for different district heating temperatures is insignificant"]
[null,"J","x…Electrical power generation [1…8 MWel]"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.3]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.18]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.08]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.09]
[null,null,"Project indirect",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Development",0.18]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.06]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.04]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D73:D80)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"6.2.1GeothermalFlash","index":35,"n_rows":92,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":92,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.2.1 Geothermal Flash"]
[]
[null,null,"Geothermal CHP - Flash plants"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","10 - 50",null,null,null,null,null,10,70,10,100,null,"A","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"El. efficiency, nominal load ","%","12 - 20",null,null,null,null,null,10,23,13,25,null,"B",4]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth",10,null,null,null,null,null,5,15,5,15,null,"C",1]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",30,30,30,30,30,null,25,">30",25,">30",null,"D","5, 6"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"-","--","-","--",null,"E"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"-","o","-","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o","(o)","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"(+)","++","o","++"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth","7,6","7,6","7,6","7,6","7,6",null,null,null,null,null,null,"F","7, 8"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","3,3","3,3","3,3","3,3","3,3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",24,24,24,24,24,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","11,6","11,6","11,6","11,6","11,6",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","7,3","7,3","7,3","7,3","7,3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth","1,4","1,4","1,4","1,4","1,4",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%","5 - 15",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G","9, 10"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2013/MWel","5,2","5,1","4,8","4,6","4,2",null,"3,5","7,0","2,5","5,0",null,"H","1, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel",1.8,1.8,1.7,1.6,1.5,null,1.5,2.2999999999999998,1.3,1.9,null,"I","12, 16"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel",3.4,3.3,3.1,3,2.7,null,2.8,3.6,2.2999999999999998,2.9,null,null,"12, 16"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel/a",75,70,70,65,65,null,60,85,55,75,null,"J","1, 5, 6, 13, 15, 17"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CFlash(Q,th) = 6,73 * (x)^(-0,12)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K","6, 12, 18"]
[null,null,"Cost function drilling (estimation)","€/m","CDrilling(Depth) = 0,152 * (Depth) + 785 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L","19, 20"]
[null,null,"Construction time","years",6,6,6,6,6,null,5,7,5,7,null,"M",21]
[null,null,"Capacity factor ","%",95,95,95,95,95,null,90,97,90,98,null,"N","6, 22"]
[null,null,"Production rate","l/s","50 - 150",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"O",1]
[null,null,"Typical drilling depth","km",7,7,7,8,10,null,null,null,null,null,null,"P",21]
[null,null,"Reservoir temperature","°C","> 150",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Q","8, 21"]
[null,null,"Average daily drilling capacity","m/day",40,null,null,null,null,null,"30 - 50",null,null,null,null,"R",20]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator projections for 2010-2050; JRC, 2014"]
[null,2,"Renewable Energy in Europe - Markets, Trends and Technologies; EREC, 2010"]
[null,3,"Stand und Perspektiven geothermischer Stromerzeugung; H. Spliethoff, May 2012"]
[null,4,"Level of typical efficiencies for electricity generation of geothermal plants; R. Bertani, June 2016"]
[null,5,"Geothermal Handbook: Planning and Financing Power Generation; ESMAP, 2012"]
[null,6,"Geothermal Energy Status Report - Technology, market and economic aspects of geothermal energy in Europe; JRC, 2015"]
[null,7,"Geothermal Power Plants: Principles, Applications, Case Studies and Environmental Impact; R. DiPippo, 2012"]
[null,8,"Renewable Energy Cost of Generation Update; KEMA, August 2009"]
[null,9,"Annual Energy Outlook 2012 with Projections to 2035; EIA, June 2012"]
[null,10,"Modelling Technology Learning for Electricity Supply Technologies; E. Rubin et al., May 2013"]
[null,11,"Renewables for Heating and Cooling - Untapped Potential; OECD/IEA, 2007"]
[null,12,"Geothermal Investment Guide; GEOELEC, 2013"]
[null,13,"Current and Prospective Costs of Electricity Generation until 2050; DIW, 2013"]
[null,14,"Cost and Performance Data for Power Generation technologies; NREL, 2012"]
[null,15,"Financing Geothermal Energy; EGEC, July 2013"]
[null,16,"Geothermal Power: Issues, Technologies, and Opportunities for Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment; EPRI, February 2010"]
[null,17,"Factors Affecting Costs of Geothermal Power Development; Geothermal Energy Association, August 2005"]
[null,18,"Renewable Energy Systems; M. Kaltschmitt et al., 2013 © Springer Science+Business Media New York"]
[null,19,"New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification; GeothermEx, April 2004"]
[null,20,"Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Well Construction Technology Evaluation Report; Sandia Report, December 2008"]
[null,21,"Towards more Geothermal Electricity Generation in Europe; GEOELEC, 2013"]
[null,22,"Power Technologies Energy Data Book (Fourth Edition); NREL, August 2006"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Total plant capacities range from 10 to 50 MW, with most at approximately 31 MWel."]
[null,"B","The lower value represent a reservoir temperature of 150 °C and the upper 300 °C. Note: In comparison to other energy technologies, geothermal power plants have lower electricity efficiency rates (is largely determined by the reservoir temperature) owing to relatively low temperatures of the geothermal fluids. The overall efficiency is greatly increased by adding heat exchangers and producing hot water since the conversion factor in a heat exchanger is far greater than converting heat to electricity (Ref. 7)."]
[null,"C","The electrical consumption through pumps and auxiliary systems could be assumed with 10 % (including condensing and cooling system) of the geothermal power."]
[null,"D","Drillings have a long life time period. Individual components must be replaced earlier due to the corrosive properties of the brine."]
[null,"E","Normally the heat extraction from flash plants is taken from the separator. That means, the heat extraction has no influence on the electricity efficiency but at the same time increasing the total efficiency. However, steam extraction significantly influence the plant efficiency."]
[null,"F","Unlike many renewable technologies, flash geothermal plants produce emissions."]
[null,"G","The learning rates are expected to be relatively modest, as the technology is far developed. Indeed drillings could have the biggest cost reduction potential. On the one hand through faster drilling methods and on the other hand through better exploration (further developed seismic methods could increase the success rate and additionally decrease risk and insurance costs)."]
[null,"H","The depth of drilling and the local geological conditions naturally have a high influence on the total investment costs of geothermal power plants. That is why, investment costs have a big bandwidth across different studies (Ref. 13 gives an overview of different studies and each listed costs). Note: Drilling represents 30 - 50 % of the cost of a hydrothermal geothermal electricity project and more than half of the total cost of Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). The cost reduction is mainly assumed due to better forecasting (reducing the risk and insurance costs) and drilling methods."]
[null,"I","The installation effort on-site consumes high effort and is dominated by the drilling work."]
[null,"J","The operation and maintenance (O&M) costs increase significantly when dealing with high mineral content brine resources."]
[null,"K","Cost function is based on own calculations (GEOELEC Tool) and modified under consideration of project information and given references. x…Heat generation capacity."]
[null,"L","The linearized cost function for drilling is based on the given function of Ref. 19 and data of Ref. 20. The function can be seen as valid in the range of 1 000 - 6 000 m depth. In general, the cost could be estimated with an average value of EUR 1 100/m (1 000 - 3 000 m depth) and EUR 1 500/m (3 000 - 6 000 m depth). The lower borderline costs could be assumed with 1 000 €/m. Excessively higher costs (> EUR 2 500/m) could occur through difficult circumstances. Note: The original formula is described with a polynomial function based on realized drillings with an R-squared value for the curve of 0.558, which indicates that a variance in drilling cost has to be accepted. Due to simplifications, the function was linearized and costs converted into EUR/m (exchange rate: 1 USD ≙ 0,877 EUR)."]
[null,"M","Based on experience, it takes about 5-7 years to bring a geothermal power plant online. The project timeline could be roughly described with: 2 years for exploration & test drilling, 2 years for drilling and up to 3 years for engineering & construction."]
[null,"N","Due to the high capital intensity given by high drilling costs, geothermal energy plants should be operated as basic load units in order to achieve high full load hours and thus reduce production costs."]
[null,"O","Higher production rates leads to higher pumping effort which decreases the system efficiency."]
[null,"P","The maximum drilling depth that is economically feasible with today's technology is 7 km and could be 10 km in 2050."]
[null,"Q","In general, a flash plant could be economically feasible if the production wells deliver more than 150 °C. The exploitation of hydrothermal resources down to 3‐4 km depth is a mature commercial technology where temperatures above 180 °C could be reached. Petrothermal resources could be exploited with the quite new technology EGS from 3‐6 km depth, while supercritical plants (T>350°C) from 5‐10 km depth will be a future technology."]
[null,"R","The value is based on a 6 km deep well which could be drilled within approx. 140 days."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.25]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.35]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.15]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.1]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.03]

{"sheet":"6.2.2GeothermalBinaryPlant","index":36,"n_rows":96,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":96,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.2.2 Geothermal Binary Plant"]
[]
[null,null,"Geothermal CHP - Binary plants"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","1 - 30",null,null,null,null,null,"<1","50","<1","75",null,"A","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"El. efficiency, nominal load ","%","7 - 14",null,null,null,null,null,"5","15","7","16",null,"B","4, 5"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth","3",null,null,null,null,null,"2","5","2","5",null,"C","1, 5"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years","30","30","30","30","30",null,"25",">30","25",">30",null,"D","6, 7"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"-","--","-","--",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","(+)","(o)","+"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,"G","8, 9"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"8, 9"]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"8, 9"]
[null,null,"H2S","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"8, 9"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"8, 9"]
[null,null,"VOC","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"8, 9"]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%","5 - 15",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H","10, 11"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2013/MWel",7,6.6,6.2,5.9,5.6,null,6,"8,0",5,6,null,"I","1, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel",2.9,2.7,2.5,2.4,2.2999999999999998,null,2,3.3,1.7,2.8,null,"J","13, 17"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel",4.0999999999999996,3.9,3.7,3.5,3.3,null,3.3,4.5999999999999996,2.8,3.9,null,null,"13, 17"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel/a","150","145","143","142","140",null,"120","180","110","170",null,"K","1, 5, 7, 14, 16, 18, 19"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhel","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CFlash(Q,th) = 12,15 * (x)^(-0,24)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L","7, 13, 20"]
[null,null,"Cost function drilling (estimation)","€/m","CDrilling(Depth) = 0,152 * Depth (m) + 785 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M","21, 22"]
[null,null,"Construction time","years","6","6","6","6","6",null,"5","7","5","7",null,"N","23"]
[null,null,"Capacity factor ","%","95","95","95","95","95",null,"90","97","90","98",null,"O","7, 24"]
[null,null,"Production rate","l/s","50 - 150",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"P","1"]
[null,null,"Maximum depth","km","7","7","7","8","10",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Q","23"]
[null,null,"Reservoir temperature","°C","> 80",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"R","11, 17"]
[null,null,"Average daily drilling capacity","m/day","40",null,null,null,null,null,"30 - 50",null,null,null,null,"S","22"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator projections for 2010-2050; JRC, 2014"]
[null,2,"Renewable Energy in Europe - Markets, Trends and Technologies; EREC, 2010"]
[null,3,"Stand und Perspektiven geothermischer Stromerzeugung; H. Spliethoff, May 2012"]
[null,4,"Level of typical efficiencies for electricity generation of geothermal plants; R. Bertani, June 2016"]
[null,5,"Input from ORC manufacturers; 2017"]
[null,6,"Geothermal Handbook: Planning and Financing Power Generation; ESMAP, 2012"]
[null,7,"Geothermal Energy Status Report - Technology, market and economic aspects of geothermal energy in Europe; JRC, 2015"]
[null,8,"Geothermal Power Plants: Principles, Applications, Case Studies and Environmental Impact; R. DiPippo, 2012"]
[null,9,"Renewable Energy Cost of Generation Update; KEMA, August 2009"]
[null,10,"Annual Energy Outlook 2012 with Projections to 2035; EIA, June 2012"]
[null,11,"Modelling Technology Learning for Electricity Supply Technologies; E. Rubin et al., May 2013"]
[null,12,"Renewables for Heating and Cooling - Untapped Potential; OECD/IEA, 2007"]
[null,13,"Geothermal Investment Guide; GEOELEC, 2013"]
[null,14,"Current and Prospective Costs of Electricity Generation until 2050; DIW, 2013"]
[null,15,"Cost and Performance Data for Power Generation technologies; NREL, 2012"]
[null,16,"Financing Geothermal Energy; EGEC, July 2013"]
[null,17,"Geothermal Power: Issues, Technologies, and Opportunities for Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment; EPRI, February 2010"]
[null,18,"Factors Affecting Costs of Geothermal Power Development; Geothermal Energy Association, August 2005"]
[null,19,"Power Plants: Characteristics and Costs; S. Kaplan, November 2008"]
[null,20,"Renewable Energy Systems; M. Kaltschmitt et al., 2013 © Springer Science+Business Media New York"]
[null,21,"New Geothermal Site Identification and Qualification; GeothermEx, April 2004"]
[null,22,"Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Well Construction Technology Evaluation Report; Sandia Report, December 2008"]
[null,23,"Towards more Geothermal Electricity Generation in Europe; GEOELEC, 2013"]
[null,24,"Power Technologies Energy Data Book (Fourth Edition); NREL, August 2006"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Binary plant capacities range from 1 to 30 MW, with most at approximately 4 MWel. ORC units are typically produced in very small sizes (0.1 - 5 MW) and container module units allow modular design. Due to high specific investment costs, the electrical power should be greater than 500 kW and water temperatures higher than 100 - 120 °C."]
[null,"B","The lower value represents a reservoir temperature of 80 °C and the upper 180 °C. Note: In comparison to other energy technologies, geothermal power plants have lower electricity efficiency rates (is largely determined by the reservoir temperature) owing to relatively low temperatures of the geothermal fluids. The overall efficiency is greatly increased by adding heat exchangers and producing hot water since the conversion factor in a heat exchanger is far greater than converting heat to electricity (Ref. 8)."]
[null,"C","The electrical consumption through pumps and auxiliary systems could be assumed with 3 % of the geothermal power."]
[null,"D","Drillings have a long life time period. Individual components must be replaced earlier due to the corrosive properties of the brine or special requirements of the binary system."]
[null,"E","Binary plants are used for CHP applications driven by low temperatures. Therefore, high temperature applications for district heating should be avoided as the CHP unit will be shut down and the geothermal energy will be used directly."]
[null,"F","High supply temperatures affect the (already low) electrical efficiency and could jeopardize the economic viability of a geothermal plant. That is why, low temperature applications should be preferred."]
[null,"G","Closed loop binary plants emit no gaseous emissions during operation."]
[null,"H","The learning rates are expected to be relatively modest. Indeed drillings could have the biggest cost reduction potential. On the one hand through faster drilling methods and on the other hand through better exploration (further developed seismic methods could increase the success rate and additionally decrease risk and insurance costs)."]
[null,"I","Binary plants are more expensive than flash plants due to the ORC unit. The specific investment cost of an ORC unit could be counted with around MEUR 1.5/MWel. The depth of drilling and the local geological conditions naturally have a high influence on the total investment costs of geothermal power plants. That is why, investment costs have a big bandwidth across different studies (Ref. 14 gives an overview of different studies and each listed costs). Drilling represents 30 - 50 % of the cost of a hydrothermal geothermal electricity project and more than half of the total cost of Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). The cost reduction is mainly assumed due to better forecasting (reducing the risk and insurance costs) and drilling methods."]
[null,"J","Binary plants consume a little bit less installation effort in comparison to flash plants (e.g. the ORC plant could be delivered prefabricated)."]
[null,"K","In comparison to flash plants, binary plants consume higher O&M costs. Some ORC manufacturer offers O&M packages for some thousands Euro per plant and year. Note: The operation and maintenance (O&M) costs increase significantly when dealing with high mineral content brine resources. "]
[null,"L","Cost function is based on own calculations (GEOELEC Tool) and modified under consideration of project information and given references. x…Heat generation capacity."]
[null,"M","The linearized cost function for drilling is based on the given function of Ref. 21 and data of Ref. 22. The function can be seen as valid in the range of 1 000 - 6 000 m depth. In general, the cost could be estimated with an average value of EUR 1 100/m (1 000 - 3 000 m depth) and EUR 1 500/m (3 000 - 6 000 m depth). The lower borderline costs could be assumed with 1 000 €/m. Excessively higher costs (> EUR 2 500/m) could occur through difficult circumstances. Note: The original formula is described with a polynomial function based on realized drillings with an R-squared value for the curve of 0.558, which indicates that a variance in drilling cost has to be accepted. Due to simplifications, the function was linearized and costs converted into EUR/m (exchange rate: 1 USD ≙ 0,877 EUR)."]
[null,"N","Based on experience, it takes about 5-7 years to bring a geothermal power plant online. The project timeline could be roughly described with: 2 years for exploration & test drilling, 2 years for drilling and up to 3 years for engineering & construction."]
[null,"O","Due to the high capital intensity given by high drilling costs, geothermal energy plants should be operated as basic load units in order to achieve high full load hours and thus reduce production costs."]
[null,"P","Higher production rates leads to higher pumping effort which decreases the system efficiency."]
[null,"Q","The maximum drilling depth that is economically feasible with today's technology is 7 km and will be 10 km in 2050."]
[null,"R","In general, a geothermal binary plant could be economically feasible if the production wells deliver more than 100 °C. The exploitation of hydrothermal resources down to 3‐4 km depth is a mature commercial technology where temperatures above 180 °C could be reached. Petrothermal resources could be exploited with the quite new technology EGS from 3‐6 km depth but with higher development costs."]
[null,"S","The value is based on a 6 km deep well which could be drilled within approx. 140 days."]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.35]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.35]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",7.0000000000000007E-2]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.05]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.03]

{"sheet":"6.3.1FuelCellsPolymer","index":37,"n_rows":83,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":83,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.3.1 Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)"]
[]
[null,null,"Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Typical capacity size","kWel","0.001 - 0.1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A","1"]
[null,null,"Electrical efficiency @peak electrical load","%","36","37","38","39","39",null,null,null,null,null,null,"B","2"]
[null,null,"25 % load",null,"32","33","33","33","34",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"3"]
[null,null,"Thermal efficiency @peak thermal load","%","52","52","52","52","52",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"2"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth","1","1","1","1","1",null,0.8,"1,5",0.7,"1,3",null,"C","4"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years","5","6","10","12","15",null,"3","8","10","20",null,"D","5, 6"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 100°C)",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"--","--","--","-"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"-","(+)","-","+",null,"F"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"O"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,"G","5"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5"]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5"]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5"]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5"]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5"]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"Low"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%","15 - 18",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H","7"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2015/MWel","45","18","13","10","5",null,"15","20","5","10",null,"I","2, 6, 7, 8"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel","32","13","9","7","3",null,"11","14","3","4",null,null,"9, 10, 11, 12"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel","13","5","4","3","30",null,"4","7","1","2",null,null,"9, 10, 11, 12"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel/a","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","9"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. el. and fuel costs","€/MWhel","100","80","60","40","20",null,null,null,null,null,null,"K","2, 3, 9, 13"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Heat to power ratio",1,"1,4","1,4","1,4","1,3","1,3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"2"]
[null,null,"Fuel to cell",null,"Hydrogen",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L","5"]
[null,null,"Working temperature","°C","70","80","80 - 100","90 - 140","100 - 180",null,null,null,null,null,null,"M","1, 3, 14"]
[null,null,"Construction time","months","8","6","5","4","4",null,"5","8","3","5",null,null,"13"]
[null,null,"Start time","min","20","15","10","8","5",null,null,null,null,null,null,"N","15"]
[null,null,"Availability","%","98","99","99","99","99",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"15"]
[null,null,"Degradation with cycling","%/1,000 h","<0,3","<0,2","<0,1","<0,1","<0,05",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"15"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Fuel Cells for Stationary Applications; IEA ETSAP, January 2013"]
[null,2,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator projections for 2010-2050; JRC, 2014"]
[null,3,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,4,"Stationäre Brennstoffzellen (Projektergebnisse der ARGE-Brennstoffzelle, Advanced Fuel Cell Workshop); H. Wilk, September 2006"]
[null,5,"FUEL CELLS - Impact and consequences of Fuel Cells technology on sustainable development; D. Oertel and T. Fleischer, March 2003"]
[null,6,"Technology Roadmap - Hydrogen and Fuel Cells; OECD/IEA, 2015"]
[null,7,"The cost of domestic fuel cell micro-CHP systems; Staffell and Green, 2012"]
[null,8,"Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in the European Union; JRC, 2012"]
[null,9,"Updated Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants; U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), April 2013"]
[null,10,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Individual Heating Plants and Energy Transport; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,11,"Fuel Cells (Presentation); E. Allen, 2012"]
[null,12,"Fuel Cells - Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology; K.-D. Kreuer, 2013 © Springer Science+Business Media New York"]
[null,13,"Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis; Lazard, 2014"]
[null,14,"The role of hydrogen and fuel cells in providing affordable, secure low-carbon heat; H2FC SUPERGEN, 2014"]
[null,15,"1–10 kW Stationary Combined Heat and Power Systems Status and Technical Potential; NREL, May 2010"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Fuel cells are modular in nature. Therefore, systems can be connected together to create larger installations. This type of FC is primarily focused on smaller stationary applications."]
[null,"B","Based on lower heating value (LHV)."]
[null,"C","Measured operational data from the PEMFC heating device in Dietachdorf, Austria."]
[null,"D","Lifetime is calculated with 8 000 operation hours per year. End of operating time is defined until > 20 % net power degradation is reached."]
[null,"E","Temperature resistance of the membrane is a limiting factor."]
[null,"F","Low temperature applications are suitable for the use of PEMFC technology. Such developments were also carried out by heating equipment manufacturers (e.g. Vaillant, Viessmann, etc.) and also tested in the field."]
[null,"G","Emissions based on fuel consumption (that means if a fossil fuel is reformed to hydrogen, the emissions from reforming process have to be considered). No emissions occur if the fuel cell is operated on pure hydrogen by electrolysis."]
[null,"H","Ref. 13 notes that the prices offered by several manufacturers are falling by 15 - 18 % for each doubling of cumulative systems shipped."]
[null,"I","Fuel treatment (e.g. methane reformer / electrolyser) is included but no building. Most PEMFC systems are based on platinum catalysts (ensures adequate reaction kinetics and thus power density) which makes this FC-type expensive (effective substitutes are scarce)."]
[null,"J","According to Ref. 9, most FC operators do not treat O&M on a fixed basis, and consequently, all O&M expenses are shown on a variable basis."]
[null,"K","Mainly caused by service and maintenance (e.g. change of filters, fuel cell stacks, etc.). Recommended service is comprised of routine short interval inspections/adjustments and periodic replacement of filters (projected at intervals of 2 000 to 4 000 hours)."]
[null,"L","This technology needs hydrogen as fuel as internal reforming is not possible. If another primary fuel should be used, it needs to be reformed into hydrogen in an external reformer in advance. However, a variant of the LT PEM can operate directly on diluted methanol. Notice: Especially LT PEMFCs are sensitive to carbon monoxide in the fuel gas. LT PEMFC only operates on very clean hydrogen (CO < 50 - 100 ppm). HT PEMFC is more tolerant (CO of appr. 1 % is accepted) (Ref. 3). "]
[null,"M","PEMFC systems exist in low (LT PEM: up to 80 °C) and high temperature (HT PEM: up to 200 °C) varieties, and use proton conducting ionomer (ionic polymer) electrolytes in modern cells (Ref. 1)."]
[null,"N","Start-up time from 20 °C ambient temperature. Transient response (10 - 90 % rated power) will be lower than 1 minute."]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.6]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.2]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.05]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.02]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.03]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]

{"sheet":"6.3.2SolidOxideFuelCell","index":38,"n_rows":83,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":83,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"6.3.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)"]
[]
[null,null,"Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Electrical power generation ","MWel","0,1 - 0,5",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A",1]
[null,null,"Electrical efficiency","%","53","53","55","59","61",null,null,null,null,null,null,"B,O",2]
[null,null,"25 % load",null,"45","50","52","53","55",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,null,"Thermal efficiency","%","32","32","32","34","34",null,null,null,null,null,null,"O",2]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth","4","4","3,5","3,5","3",null,"3","5","2","4",null,"C",4]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years","5","6","10","12","15",null,"3","8","10","20",null,"D","5, 6"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null," --","(-) ","--","(-) "]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)",null," -","o","-","o"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 100°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null," o","(+)","o ","+"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"(+) "," ++","(+) ","++"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth","170","170","170","170","170",null,null,null,null,null,null,"E",5]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth","0","0","0","0","0",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth","3,7","3,7","3,7","3,7","3,7",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth","25","25","25","25","25",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth","< ","< ","< ","< ","< ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJ","negligible",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"low"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%","15 - 18",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F",7]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2015/MWel","15","8","4","3","2",null,"6","15","1,5","5",null,"G","2, 6, 7, 8"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWel","12","6","2,8","2","1,2",null,"4,5","6,5","1,0","1,4",null,null,"9, 10, 11, 12"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWel","3","2","1,2","1","0,8",null,"1,5","3,5","0,6","1,0",null,null,"9, 10, 11, 12"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWel/a","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"H",9]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. el. and fuel costs","€/MWhel","50","40","30","20","10",null,null,null,null,null,null,"I","2, 3, 9, 13"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Heat to power ratio",1,0.6,0.6,0.57999999999999996,0.56999999999999995,0.56000000000000005,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2]
[null,null,"Fuel to cell",null,"Hydrogen, Natural gas, biogas, coal gas",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J",5]
[null,null,"Working temperature","°C","750","750","650","650","650",null,"500","1 100","400","800",null,"K","1, 3, 14"]
[null,null,"Construction time","months","10","8","6","5","4",null,"5","10","3","5",null,null,13]
[null,null,"Start time","min","45","30","25","20","15",null,"20","50","15","60",null,"L",15]
[null,null,"Availability","%","98","99","99","99","99",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,15]
[null,null,"Degradation with cycling","%/1,000 h","<0,5","<0,3","<0,2","<0,2","<0,1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,15]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Fuel Cells for Stationary Applications; IEA ETSAP, January 2013"]
[null,2,"Energy Technology Reference Indicator projections for 2010-2050; JRC, 2014"]
[null,3,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,4,"Stationäre Brennstoffzellen (Projektergebnisse der ARGE-Brennstoffzelle, Advanced Fuel Cell Workshop); H. Wilk, September 2006"]
[null,5,"FUEL CELLS - Impact and consequences of Fuel Cells technology on sustainable development; D. Oertel and T. Fleischer, March 2003"]
[null,6,"Technology Roadmap - Hydrogen and Fuel Cells; OECD/IEA, 2015"]
[null,7,"The cost of domestic fuel cell micro-CHP systems; Staffell and Green, 2012"]
[null,8,"Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in the European Union; JRC, 2012"]
[null,9,"Updated Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants; U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), April 2013"]
[null,10,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Individual Heating Plants and Energy Transport; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,11,"Fuel Cells (Presentation); E. Allen, 2012"]
[null,12,"Fuel Cells - Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology; K.-D. Kreuer, 2013 © Springer Science+Business Media New York"]
[null,13,"Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis; Lazard, 2014"]
[null,14,"The role of hydrogen and fuel cells in providing affordable, secure low-carbon heat; H2FC SUPERGEN, 2014"]
[null,15,"1–10 kW Stationary Combined Heat and Power Systems Status and Technical Potential; NREL, May 2010"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Fuel cells are modular in nature. Therefore, systems can be connected together to create large installations (to the range of megawatt capacities)."]
[null,"B","Based on lower heating value (LHV)."]
[null,"C","Measured operational data from the SOFC System in Attnang-Puchheim, Austria."]
[null,"D","Lifetime is calculated with 8 000 operation hours per year. End of operating time is defined until > 20 % net power degradation is reached."]
[null,"E","Emissions based on fuel consumption. None of the listed emissions occurs if fuel cell is operated on pure hydrogen by electrolysis."]
[null,"F","Ref. 13 notes that the prices offered by several manufacturers are falling by 15 - 18 % for each doubling of cumulative systems shipped."]
[null,"G","Fuel treatment (e.g. methane reformer / electrolyser) is included but no building. At the moment fuel cells have high investment costs, but relevant stakeholder (e.g. Department of Energy (DoE), USA; Japanese ministry METI/NEDO) projects long term capital cost for larger systems below MEUR 3/MWel till 2050. Small-scale fuel cells are projected between MEUR 3 - 5/MWel."]
[null,"H","According to Ref. 9, most FC operators do not treat O&M on a fixed basis, and consequently, all O&M expenses are shown on a variable basis."]
[null,"I","Mainly caused by service and maintenance (e.g. change of filters, fuel cell stacks, etc.). Recommended service is comprised of routine short interval inspections/adjustments and periodic replacement of filters (projected at intervals of 2 000 to 4 000 hours)."]
[null,"J","Coal gas: internal reforming in the fuel cells is possible."]
[null,"K","Depending on the design, SOFCs operates at temperatures between 500 and 1 000 °C. High operating temperature allows cheaper catalysts (like nickel and lanthanum to be used in place of platinum), but means that all components must be able to withstand extreme thermal stresses. Ignoble catalysts are more tolerant to impurities, so fuel processing is simpler, and in some cases the fuel cell can use sulphur-free methane (CH4) directly as a fuel. Fundamental research has been aimed at improving durability and material fatigue. Moreover, there is a trend moving operating intermediate temperature towards 500 – 750 °C. This allows a wider range of materials to be used, lowering costs and improving dynamic performance (Ref. 14)."]
[null,"L","Start-up time from 20 °C ambient temperature. Transient response (10 - 90 % rated power) will be between 1 - 3 minutes."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.5]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.28000000000000003]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.1]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.05]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.02]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]

{"sheet":"7.1.1DHSubstationSmall","index":39,"n_rows":67,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":67,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[31,4,31,13]]}
[null,null,"7.1 District heating substation"]
[]
[null,null,"District heating Substation (single-/ multi family houses)"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","0,01 - 0,5",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, nominal load ","%",98,98,98,98,98,null,97,99,97,99,null,"B","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, annual average","%",95,95,95,95,95,null,93,99,93,99,null,"C","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWhth","negligible",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"D","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",20,20,20,20,20,null,20,">20",20,">20",null,null,"1, 2, 3, 4"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null," N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"E"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"o","o","o","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)",null,"o","+","o","+"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"high"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2017/MWth",7.5999999999999998E-2,7.3999999999999996E-2,7.2999999999999995E-2,7.1999999999999995E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,null,3.5000000000000003E-2,0.21,0.03,0.2,null,"H","1, 2, 5, 6"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.06,5.8999999999999997E-2,5.8999999999999997E-2,5.8000000000000003E-2,5.6000000000000001E-2,null,5.5E-2,6.5000000000000002E-2,0.05,0.06,null,null,"1, 2"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",1.6E-2,1.4999999999999999E-2,1.4E-2,1.4E-2,1.4E-2,null,8.9999999999999993E-3,1.9E-2,0.01,0.02,null,"I","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",0.125,0.125,0.125,0.125,0.125,null,0.1,0.15,0.1,0.15,null,"J","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function","M€/MWth","CDHSubstation(Q,th) = 0,026 * (Q,th)^(-0,46)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L",7]
[null,null,"Construction time","days",1,1,1,1,1,null,0.5,">2",0.5,">2",null,"M","1, 2"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Information of Danfoss, Communications between March - May 2017 (www.danfoss.com)"]
[null,2,"Manufacturers and planners information, 2017"]
[null,3,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Individual Heating Plants and Energy Transport; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,4,"VDI 2067 - Economic efficiency of building installations, 2012"]
[null,5,"Ermittlung von spezifischen Kosten energiesparender Bauteil-, Beleuchtungs-, Heizungs- und Klimatechnikausführungen bei Nichtwohngebäuden für die Wirtschaftlichkeitsuntersuchungen zur EnEV 2012; BMVBS (Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung), August 2012"]
[null,6,"Praxisbuch Energiewirtschaft - Energieumwandlung, -transport und -beschaffung im liberalisierten Markt; K. Panos, 2013 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"]
[null,7,"Klimaneutraler Gebäudebestand 2050; Umweltbundesamtes, 2016 (http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/klimaneutraler-gebaeudebestand-2050)"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Given sizes are typical for one-family houses up to multy-family houses (small apartment complex)."]
[null,"B","The losses of DH substations depend on the quality of insulation and could be counted to 1 - 2 %, resulting in 98 - 99 % efficiency."]
[null,"C","Due to part load operation the annual efficiency could be lower as the losses increases in relation."]
[null,"D","The electrical consumption of DH substations through the control is negligibly small. Typically the actuator has a consumption of appr. 5 - 10 W but is not often in operation (should be lower than 10 minutes a day - if it is more frequently in operation, this indicates a poor adjustment). Pump is not included because it depends on the situation of the secondary side installation."]
[null,"E","Steam application is not any more state of the art for DH customers (especially for residential buildings)."]
[null,"F","DH substation could be used for a broad temperature range. The technical configuration depends essentially on the temperature levels and differences."]
[null,"G","No high learning rates are seen for this technology as standardized and well developed components are used."]
[null,"H","Given CAPEX estimation (2015-2050) is based on a 100 kWth DH substation. For other thermal power ranges the given cost function could be used. Note: The cost estimation assumes that enough space is available at the installation site. That means the highest costs are caused by the substation itself."]
[null,"I","Installation effort to connect DH substation on primary side: 4 - 8 h x 2 persons in the range of 10 - 500 kWth depending on-site conditions."]
[null,"J","Note, that the fixed O&M costs stay constant independent of the substation size. Manufacturers recommend maintenance (leak test, checking strainer, function check, ...) every two years. Maintenance effort will be estimated to 2 h every second year (manufacturers estimate the effort with EUR 250 incl. travel lump sum which equals EUR 125 per year)."]
[null,"K","Except electricity, no variable O&M costs occur."]
[null,"L","Cost function is based on the given reference and adjusted to prices from manufacturers and replicates full costs. x…Heat generation capacity [10 kWth … 500 kWth]"]
[null,"M","Includes only interconnection on site. Construction time respectively necessary man hours could rapidly increase with difficult accessable locations (this must be considered specifically)."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.8]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.05]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation"]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.1]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development"]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]

{"sheet":"7.1.2DHSubstationLarge","index":40,"n_rows":63,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":63,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"7.1 District heating substation"]
[]
[null,null,"District heating Substation (apartment block / industrial purpose)"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MWth","1-40",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, nominal load ","%",99,99,99,99,99,null,98,100,98,100,null,"B","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, annual average","%",98,98,98,98,98,null,95,100,95,100,null,"C","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWhth","negligible",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"D","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",20,20,20,20,20,null,20,">20",20,">20",null,null,"1, 2, 3, 4"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"--","(-)","--","(-)",null,"E"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)","(-)",null,"-","o","-","o",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"o","o","o","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)","(+)",null,"o","+","o","+"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2013/MWth",0.1,9.9000000000000005E-2,9.8000000000000004E-2,9.7000000000000003E-2,9.5000000000000001E-2,null,8.5000000000000006E-2,0.15,0.08,0.13,null,"H","1, 2, 5, 6"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.03,2.9000000000000001E-2,2.9000000000000001E-2,2.9000000000000001E-2,2.8000000000000001E-2,null,0.02,0.04,1.9E-2,3.7999999999999999E-2,null,null,"1, 2"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",7.0000000000000007E-2,7.0000000000000007E-2,6.9000000000000006E-2,6.8000000000000005E-2,6.7000000000000004E-2,null,0.06,0.08,5.7000000000000002E-2,7.5999999999999998E-2,null,null,"1, 2"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,0.3,0.7,0.3,0.7,null,"I","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Construction time","months",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,null,0.3,1,0.3,1,null,"K"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Information of Danfoss, Communications between March - May 2017 (www.danfoss.com)"]
[null,2,"Manufacturer and planner information, 2017"]
[null,3,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Individual Heating Plants and Energy Transport; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,4,"VDI 2067 - Economic efficiency of building installations, 2012"]
[null,5,"Ermittlung von spezifischen Kosten energiesparender Bauteil-, Beleuchtungs-, Heizungs- und Klimatechnikausführungen bei Nichtwohngebäuden für die Wirtschaftlichkeitsuntersuchungen zur EnEV 2012; BMVBS (Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung), August 2012"]
[null,6,"Project information, 2013"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Given sizes are used for big apartment complex and industrial purposes."]
[null,"B","The losses of DH substations depend on the quality of insulation and could be counted to 1 %, resulting in 99 % efficiency."]
[null,"C","Due to part load operation the annual efficiency could be lowered as the losses increases in relation."]
[null,"D","The electrical consumption of DH substations through the control is negligibly small. Typically the actuator has a consumption of appr. 15 - 20 W but is not often in operation (should be lower than 10 minutes a day - if it is more frequently in operation, this indicates a poor adjustment). Pump is not included because it depends on the situation of the secondary side installation."]
[null,"E","Steam applications could significantly increase the investment costs due to special requirements."]
[null,"F","DH substation could be used for a broad temperature range. The technical configuration depends essentially on the temperature levels and differences."]
[null,"G","Equal to small DH substations, no high learning rates are seen for this technology as standardized and well developed components are used. The future development of raw material prices (especially steel price) will have the strongest influence."]
[null,"H","Given cost estimation is based on a 10 MWth DH substation. Note: Substations of these sizes are mainly individual customized products. That means, that in large-scale applications the substation itself is only a small part of the investment cost. Most costs are dedicated through the given conditions on-site, especially when an own building or adaptions are needed."]
[null,"I","Maintenance check (leak test, checking strainer, fuction check, etc.) will be done every year and the effort will be a little bit higher in comparison to small DH substations."]
[null,"J","Except electricity, no variable O&M costs occur."]
[null,"K","Construction time for large-scale substations is very on-site specific and could have a high spread."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.2]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.3]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.05]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.3]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.02]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.13]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]

{"sheet":"7.2DistrictHeatingPipingNetwork","index":41,"n_rows":82,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":82,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"7.2 District heating piping network"]
[]
[null,null,"District heating piping network"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Linear heat density","MWh/(m.a)","1 - 5",null,null,null,null,null,"1",">5","1",">5",null,"A","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Net loss","%",10,10,10,10,10,null,5,20,5,20,null,"B","3, 5"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWhth",1,1,1,1,1,null,0.5,1.5,0.4,1.5,null,"C","3, 4"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",30,30,35,35,35,null,25,40,30,45,null,"D","4, 5, 6"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"--","--","--","--","--",null,"--","-","--","-",null,"E"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"-","-","-","-","-",null,"--","(-)","--","(-)",null,"F"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"o","(+)","o","(+)"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"o","++","o","++"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"7"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"7"]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"7"]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"7"]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"7"]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"7"]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G","8"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","€/m",500,498,496,494,490,null,300,800,270,750,null,"H","5, 9, 10, 11"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","€/m",200,199,198,197,196,null,150,249,147,245,null,null,"10, 11"]
[null,null," - of which installation","€/m",300,299,298,297,294,null,249,348,245,343,null,null,"10, 11"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","%/CAPEX/a",1,1,1,1,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,"I","4, 6, 7, 12"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWh","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","€/rm","CDH-Pipenetwork(DN) = (270 + 2,2*DN) * (1+fGroundCondition) * (1+fPipingSystem)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J","11, 13, 14"]
[null,null,"Average pipe dimension","DN","DN = 48,6 * ln (linear heat density [MWh/m]) + 63",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K","4, 13, 15, 16"]
[null,null,"Typically pipe dimension","DN","20 - 300",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L","10"]
[null,null,"Suggested flow velocity","m/s","v,flow = 0,14 * DN ^ 0,5",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M","14"]
[null,null,"Maximum pressure drop","Pa/m","<200-300",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"N","17, 18"]
[null,null,"Temperature differences","K","30 - 60",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"O","3, 9"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"\"Solargrids\" - Solarenergie und Wärmenetze: Optionen und Barrieren in einer langfristigen, integrativen Sichtweise; A. Mueller et al., 2014"]
[null,2,"Was ist ein gutes Heizwerk? Bewertung anhand von Kennzahlen und Statistiken; A. Malik et al., 2012"]
[null,3,"\"heat_portfolio\" - Technische Grundlagen zur signifikanten Integration dezentral vorliegender alternativer Wärmequellen in Wärmenetze; AIT, publication date: 2018"]
[null,4,"District Heating and Cooling - Studentlitteratur; S. Frederiksen and S. Werner, 2013"]
[null,5,"Technology Data for Energy Plants - Generation of Electricity and District Heating, Energy Storage and Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion; Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,6,"Economic efficiency of building installations - Fundamentals and economic calculation; VDI Guidelines, September 2012"]
[null,7,"District Heating; IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, January 2013"]
[null,8,"Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency - Assessment of Projects and Policies; A. Duffy et al., 2015"]
[null,9,"Planungshandbuch Fernwärme; QM Fernwaerme, April 2017"]
[null,10,"Project information of a district heating network operator, 2014"]
[null,11,"Praxisbuch Energiewirtschaft - Energieumwandlung, -transport und -beschaffung im liberalisierten Markt; K. Panos, 2013 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"]
[null,12,"Klimaneutraler Gebäudebestand 2050; Umweltbundesamt, 2016 (Online available: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/klimaneutraler-gebaeudebestand-2050)"]
[null,13,"Quantifying the Potential for District Heating and Cooling in EU Member States (Stratego project, Work Package 2, Background Report 6); B. Moeller and S. Werner, 2016"]
[null,14,"\"Recknagel\" - Taschenbuch für Heizung und Klimatechnik; E.-R. Schramek, 2007 © Oldenbourg Industrieverlag"]
[null,15,"Effective Width – The Relative Demand for District Heating Pipe Lengths in City Areas; U. Persson and S. Werner, 2010 at the 12th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling, September 5th to September 7th , 2010, Tallinn, Estonia"]
[null,16,"Heat distribution and the future competitiveness of district heating; U. Persson and S. Werner, 2011"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","The linear heat density describes the annual sold heat quantity per trench length. Experience has shown that DH networks should have a linear heat density above 0.9 MWh/(m.a) in order to be economic feasible. Typical linear heat density values are: rural = 0.9 - 1.7; sub urban = 1 - 2; urban = 1 - >5 MWh/(m.a)."]
[null,"B","The heat losses depend on factors such as linear heat density, distribution temperatures, piping insulation material and average pipe diameter. Heat losses could range from 5 - 8 % in densely populated cities up to 25 - 30 % in low heat density areas."]
[null,"C","Including pumping and MCR effort. The pumping energy required by the distribution system depends on the size and complexity of the network. Typically, pumping effort is about 5 - 10 kWhel per MWhth of delivered heat. E.g. For a typical annual temperature difference between supply and return pipes of 35 K and a total pressure drop of 6 bar, the relative pumping electricity demand is approx. 0.5 % of the delivered heat."]
[null,"D","DH networks have long lifetimes over 30 years. For economic assessment calculations a period over 30 years is common."]
[null,"E","Some distribution networks for industrial plants are supplied with steam at a high temperature level for process heat. Nevertheless, DH systems with steam for only heating applications are unusual these days and existing ones are converted to water systems. Disadvantages for steam DH systems are higher investment costs and less good controllability."]
[null,"F","The heat distribution is largely made with plastic casing pipes which limit the continuous operating temperatures to 120 - 140 °C. Note: Higher operating temperatures need higher requirements (pressure resistance, steal jacket pipe, etc.) which influence the investment costs."]
[null,"G","Learning rate is seen as quite low as it is a mature technology. The greatest cost reduction potential is seen in new and faster laying procedures."]
[null,"H","Given CAPEX estimation (2015 - 2050) is based on a DN 100 piping network. The lower and upper cost estimates are based on realised projects with different pipe dimensions (range see \"typically pipe dimension\" below) and provided by a DH network operator. According to this information, the prices are between EUR 330 - 600/rm for unsurfaced areas and between EUR 400 - 750/rm for city areas. Note: As prices for materials and labour are constantly changing and the planning process between pre-studies and implementation of district heating systems can take several years, any adjustments to the costs must be taken into account during implementation. Seasonal differences are also possible, in particular, for civil engineering work (especially the excavation consumes a high effort and the prices are influenced a lot through the respective capacity utilization of the construction companies). Compared to favourable conditions, additional costs can arise due to specific situations, in particular due to high complexity of piping routing (for example cobblestone pavements, river crossings, motorways, railway tracks)."]
[null,"I","The annual operation and maintenance costs are often considered to be about 1 % of the total capital investment cost or about 10 - 15 % of the (annual) DH distribution costs."]
[null,"J","The given formula should represent a simplified approach to predict the costs of DH piping networks in EUR per route meters considering pipe diameter, pipe material and construction area. The formula is built on published cost data from the listed references. The ground formula is based on a plastic casing pipe with ground condition \"outer city area\". The given factors fGroundCondition and fPipingSystem describes correction factors which should replicate different construction areas and pipe materials. Considering different applications the factors have to be adapted as follow fGroundCondition: Construction areas = -50 %; Green areas = -25 %; Outer city areas = 0 %; Inner city areas = +25 % | fPipingSystem: Concrete pipe = +75 %; Steel jacket pipe = +40 %; Plastic casing pipe = 0%; Free terrain pipe = -20 %. Note: As the formula intends to generalize costs for different circumstances, deviations must be accepted."]
[null,"K","Formula is based on an investigation of 134 Swedish DH networks or section of networks and shows that, on average, higher linear heat densities require greater pipes. Combining the above the formula values indicates systems of high flow designed for low temperature differences between supply and return line. Note: Accurate diameter dimensioning is very important because oversizing will lead to much higher investment costs."]
[null,"L","Most common pipe diameters in DH networks range from DN 20 - 300. Pipe diameters above DN 300 are mostly needed for transport pipes and therefore special requirements may apply and also the cost estimation could have a higher spread."]
[null,"M","The formula is based on indications for flow velocities in district heating pipes (according to the given reference) and depends of the nominal diameter (DN). Flow velocities for steam applications in medium and low pressure pipes are commonly between 30 - 50 m/s."]
[null,"N","Different plant planning guides and pipe manufacturers recommend that the pressure drop should not exceed 300 Pa/m. Typical values for planning DH piping networks are 90 - 150 Pa/m."]
[null,"O","Typical supply temperature levels are up to 90 °C for small (rural) and above 130 °C for large (e.g. big cities) DH systems. "]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.4]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.05]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.01]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.47]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.02]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D74:D81)","v":1}]

{"sheet":"7.3.1PitThermalEnergyStorage","index":42,"n_rows":76,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":76,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,null,"7.3.1 Pit thermal energy storage (PTES)"]
[]
[null,null,"Pit thermal energy storage (PTES)"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat storage volume (water equivalent)","m³WE","20 000 - 200 000",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Storage capacity","kWh/m³WE","60 - 80",null,null,null,null,null,50,85,50,90,null,"B","3, 4, 5"]
[null,null,"Efficiency, annual average","%","50 - 90",null,null,null,null,null,40,90,45,95,null,"C","3, 5, 6"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWhth",1,1,1,1,1,null,0.8,1.2,0.8,1.2,null,"D","3, 5"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",20,20,25,25,25,null,17,">25",20,">25",null,"E","3, 5"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°C)",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 90°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","(+)","o","(+)",null,"G"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"+","+","+","+","+",null,"(+)","++","(+)","++"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"I"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2016/MWth",0.43,0.4,0.38,0.36,0.34,null,0.3,0.7,0.25,0.6,null,"J","7, 8, 9, 10"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.13,0.12,0.11,0.11,0.1,null,0.08,0.2,7.0000000000000007E-2,0.17,null,null,"11, 12"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.3,0.28000000000000003,0.27,0.26,0.24,null,0.2,0.32,0.17,0.27,null,null,"11, 12"]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",4.3,4,3.6,3.4,3.2,null,3.2,4.8,2.4,3.7,null,"K","4, 5, 12, 13"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","€/m³WE","CPTES(VStorage) = 1 900 * (Vstorage)^(-0,33)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L",4]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CPTES(Q,th) = 0,909 * (Q,th)^(-0,33)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M",4]
[null,null,"Construction time","months",9,9,8,8,8,null,7,12,6,12,null,"N","7, 8"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Ranking List of European Large Scale Solar Heating Plants; Solar District Heating (SDH), December 2016 (http://solar-district-heating.eu/ServicesTools/Plantdatabase.aspx)"]
[null,2,"Solarheatdata; Solarheatdata.eu, July 2017 (http://solarheatdata.eu/)"]
[null,3,"Saisonalspeicher.de - Das Wissensportal für die saisonale Wärmespeicherung; Solites (Steinbeis Forschungsinstitut für solare und zukunftsfähige thermische Energiesysteme), 2016 (http://www.saisonalspeicher.de/)"]
[null,4,"Technology and Demonstrators - Technical Report Subtask C - Part C1; IEA SHC Task 52 Solar Heat and Energy Economics in Urban Environments, January 2016"]
[null,5,"Seasonal thermal energy storage; IEA SHC Task 45 Large Systems, June 2015"]
[null,6,"Solar district heating guidelines - Storage; SDH, August 2012 (http://solar-district-heating.eu/)"]
[null,7,"Dronninglund Fjernvarme - Seit 2014 solarthermische Deckungsrate von 41 %; Article in the magazine \"Wärmewende-Info\", June 2015"]
[null,8,"Entwicklung der großen Solarthermie in Dänemark; Article in the magazine \"Wärmewende-Info\", February 2015"]
[null,9,"Thermal Energy Storage - Technology Brief; IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, January 2013"]
[null,10,"Technology Data for Energy Plants; Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,11,"Solar district heating guidelines - Storage; Solites, August 2012"]
[null,12,"Technisch-wirtschaftliche Analyse und Weiterentwicklung der solaren Langzeit-Wärmespeicherung; Solites, 2012"]
[null,13,"SDH Online-Rechner (Online calculator for a quick feasibility study of solar district heating including seasonal storage); Solites (Steinbeis Forschungsinstitut für solare und zukunftsfähige thermische Energiesysteme), 2013 (http://www.sdh-online.solites.de/)"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Storage sizes are not limited (e.g. planned Storage for \"Big Solar Graz\") and depends mostly on requirements like area, cover ratio, etc. Recommended minimum (due to losses) size is: 2 000 m³ (Ref. 2)."]
[null,"B","The specific storage capacity depends on the achieved temperature differences (supply minus return). The value 60 kWh/m³ equals 50 K and 80 kWh/m³ 60 K (delta T). Higher specific storage capacities up to 90 kWh/m³ could be reached through further down cooling (e.g. heat pump). Given values are valid for water filled PTES. Using gravel-water capacity will be reduced to 30 - 50 kWh/m³ (the storage volume for 1 m³ water equivalent is appr. 1.3 - 2 m³)."]
[null,"C","Efficiency depends on storage period (h,d,w,m). Heat pumps could be used for further discharging (cooling down the storage medium) which increase the storage capacity/efficiency."]
[null,"D","Calculated on monitoring data of the year 2015."]
[null,"E","Depending on temperature levels and operating conditions (weak point is the foil; some manufacturers give warranties till 90 °C; Lifetime could be extended by replacing a new cover)."]
[null,"F","As these systems are non-pressurized, maximum operation temperatures results to be lower than 100 °C."]
[null,"G","Although the systems could be designed below 100 °C, in practice they are usually operated between 85 and 90 °C."]
[null,"H","This technology could help to save emissions."]
[null,"I","Based on existing cost developments, a reduction of 10 - 20 % (2020 - 2050), caused by replication of pits, pipes, pumps, heat exchangers and control system, could be estimated. Nevertheless, no resilient learning rate is known."]
[null,"J","Given CAPEX estimation (2015-2050) is based on a 100 000 m³WE (≙ 10 MWth) PTES and considers the storage incl. interconnection. According to Ref. 11, no significant economy-of-scale for store volumes above 50 000 m³ is seen. The marginal investment cost for increasing the volume is approximately 20 EUR/m³. "]
[null,"K","Data of Solites as there exists no explicit monitoring of fixed and variable O&M costs for pilot plants. Numbers are valid for the operating time after commissioning and the adjustment and initial optimization of the process control and instrumentation technology."]
[null,"L","Formula is based on given reference and adjusted with costs of realised storages. The cost function could be used in the range from 10 000 to 200 000 m³WE."]
[null,"M","Given cost formula is converted from EUR/m³WE in MEUR/MWth assuming a specific heat capacity of 70 kWh/m³WE and a dis-/charging duration of 700 h (MW = 70 kWh/m³WE * m³WE / 700 h / 1 000). Conversion factors are chosen based on the Marstal storage."]
[null,"N","Construction time could be reduced through local conditions (existing excavations e.g. abandoned gravel/sand pit)."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.65]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.05]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.02]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.2]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.03]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.02]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0.03]
[null,null,"Kontrollsumme:",{"$f":"SUM(D68:D75)","v":1.0000000000000002}]

{"sheet":"7.3.2HotWaterTankStorage","index":43,"n_rows":72,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":72,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[40,1,40,2],[47,1,47,2],[33,4,33,13],[32,4,32,13]]}
[null,null,"7.3.2 Hot water tank storage"]
[]
[null,null,"Hot water heat storages"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat storage volume","m³","100 – 50 000",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A","4, 5"]
[null,null,"Heat generation capacity","MW","0.35 - 90",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"B"]
[null,null,"Net Storage capacity","MWh","3 – 1 500",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, nominal load ","%","98","98","98","98","98",null,"97","99",null,null,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Total efficiency, annual average","%","92","92","92","92","92",null,"91","96",null,null,null,"E","2"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWth","1","1","1","1","1",null,"0","1"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years","25","25","25","25","25",null,"20","50"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"NA","NA","NA","NA","NA",null,"NA","NA"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°)",null,"(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)","(o)",null,"(o)","o",null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","o"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"Particels","g/GJ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"medium"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment per power output","M€/MWth",8.7999999999999995E-2,8.7999999999999995E-2,8.7999999999999995E-2,8.7999999999999995E-2,8.7999999999999995E-2,null,7.1999999999999995E-2,0.14399999999999999,null,null,null,"H, I","1,3, 4, 5"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",3.2000000000000001E-2,3.2000000000000001E-2,3.2000000000000001E-2,3.2000000000000001E-2,3.2000000000000001E-2,null,2.4E-2,7.1999999999999995E-2,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",5.6000000000000001E-2,5.6000000000000001E-2,5.6000000000000001E-2,5.6000000000000001E-2,5.6000000000000001E-2,null,4.8000000000000001E-2,7.1999999999999995E-2,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",0.4,0.4,0.36,0.36,0.36,null,0.16,0.8,null,null,null,"I, J"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M per MWh","€/MWh","NA","NA","NA","NA","NA",null,"NA","NA",null,null,null,"K"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function per storage capacity (estimation)","M€/MWhth","Invest(x)=(-8.0*x+23 000)*10^-6 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M"]
[null,null,"Cost function per thermal power output(estimation)","M€/MWth","Invest(x)=(-64*x+184 000)*10^-6",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment per storage capacity","M€/MWh",1.0999999999999999E-2,1.0999999999999999E-2,1.0999999999999999E-2,1.0999999999999999E-2,1.0999999999999999E-2,null,8.9999999999999993E-3,1.7999999999999999E-2,null,null,null,"H, I","1,3, 4, 5"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWh",4.0000000000000001E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3,4.0000000000000001E-3,null,3.0000000000000001E-3,8.9999999999999993E-3,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWh",7.0000000000000001E-3,7.0000000000000001E-3,7.0000000000000001E-3,7.0000000000000001E-3,7.0000000000000001E-3,null,6.0000000000000001E-3,8.9999999999999993E-3,null,null,null,null,3]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M per storage capacity","k€/MWh/a",0.05,0.05,4.4999999999999998E-2,4.4999999999999998E-2,4.4999999999999998E-2,null,0.02,0.1,null,null,null,"I, J"]
[]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Technology Data for Energy Plants, Danish Energy Agency , 2012 & 2016"]
[null,2,"Beitrag zur thermodynamischen Analyse und Bewertung von Wasserwärmespeichern in Energieumwandlungsketten, Huhn 2006"]
[null,3,"Construction company information"]
[null,4,"Projects: presurized heat storage Wien Simmering, two zone storages in Nuremberg (33 Tm³), Duisburg (43 Tm³), Potsdam (40 Tm³)"]
[null,5,"Project information 3 000 m³ pressurized, Germany, 2016"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Biggest known pressure storage tanks are around 6 000 m³, unpressurized and 2-zone tanks are able of much higher volumes. "]
[null,"B","Assumptions: 30 K temperature difference, 1012,5% change in total volume per hour"]
[null,"C","Assumptions: 30 K temperature difference, 15% unused storage volume (separation layer, volume below (above) inlet diffusors)"]
[null,"D","External heat losses ~ 2% (calculation in accordance to AGFW FW 313 and translated with the following assumption: storage cycle ones a day, 90/60 °C, outdoor temperature 10 °C)"]
[null,"E","Also includes internal heat losses ~ 5% (exegetic losses due to temperature movement in the separation layer or external losses within the compensating reservoir (when having a pressure storage))"]
[null,"F","Higher temperature difference in this systems will lead to higher capacities but due an higher overpressure and following 2014/68/EU requirements investment cost are much higher"]
[null,"G","Environmental impacts depends on how the used thermal power was produced"]
[null,"H","Price basis net storage capacity. Valid for unpressurized and 2-zone storages, additional invest for pressurized storages: +20 to 40% (depending on pressure level, 40% appr. at + 10 bar)"]
[null,"I","Cost basis relates to bigger tanks (30 Tm³), smaller tanks (100 m³) apr. 200% higher"]
[null,"J","Pressurized tanks need periodic test from testing authorities, costs of apr. 10 T€/storage/a are not included"]
[null,"K","Variable O&M mainly depending on temperature losses/ cost of stored thermal energy"]
[null,"L","x…Heat storage capacity [3 MWhth … 1 500 MWhth]"]
[null,"M","x…Heat storage output [1 MWth … 200 MWth]. Conversion between storage heat capacity and power output: full discharge of the storage in 8 h"]
[]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.65]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.15]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.09]
[null,null,"Project indirect",0.05]
[null,null,"Development",0.06]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other",0]

{"sheet":"7.3.3AquiferThermalEnergStorage","index":44,"n_rows":71,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":71,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[31,4,31,13],[32,4,32,13]]}
[null,null,"7.3.3 Aquifer thermal energy storages (ATES)"]
[]
[null,null,"Aquifer thermal energy storages (ATES)"]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Heat storage volume (water equivalent)","m³WE","1 000 - 20 000",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A",1]
[null,null,"Storage capacity","kWh/m³","30 - 40",null,null,null,null,null,60,80,60,80,null,"B","2, 3"]
[null,null,"Efficiency, annual average","%","40 - 60",null,null,null,null,null,30,70,35,75,null,"C","2, 4, 5, 6"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWhth",3,3,3,3,3,null,2,5,2,5,null,"D"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years",35,35,40,40,45,null,30,40,35,">45",null,"E",7]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,"F",8]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°C)",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 50°C)",null,"o","o","o","o","o",null,"o","(+)","o","(+)",null,"G",9]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,0,0,0,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0,0,0,0,0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"low"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"I","2, 10"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€2016/MWth",1.8,1.8,"1,76","1,72","1,70",null,1,4,0.8,3.5,null,"J","1, 10, 11"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth","0,54","0,54","0,53",0.52,0.5,null,0.36,0.72,0.34,0.68,null,"K",11]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth","1,26","1,26","1,23",1.2,1.2,null,1.08,1.44,1.02,1.36,null,null,11]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a",1.8,1.8,"1,7","1,7","1,7",null,"1,3","3,6","1,2","3,5",null,"L",11]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A","N/A",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,11]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","€/m³WE","CATES(VStorage) = 9 747 * (Vstorage)^(-0,57)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M","11"]
[null,null,"Cost function (estimation)","M€/MWth","CATES(Q,th) = 0,744 * (Q,th)^(-0,57)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"N","11"]
[null,null,"Construction time","months",4,4,3,3,3,null,3,8,2,5,null,"O",1]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Saisonalspeicher.de - Das Wissensportal für die saisonale Wärmespeicherung; online available: http://www.saisonalspeicher.de/"]
[null,2,"Seasonal thermal energy storage; IEA SHC Task 45 Large Systems, June 2015"]
[null,3,"Seasonal Ground Solar Thermal Energy Storage - Review of Systems and Applications; Pavlov, G. K., & Olesen, B. W., 2011"]
[null,4,"Thermal Energy Storage - Technology Brief; IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, January 2013"]
[null,5,"A Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Large-scale Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Buildings using Combined Heat and Power; K. Gaine, A. Duffy, July 2010"]
[null,6,"Underground Thermal Energy Storage; Kun Sang Lee, 2013 (© Springer-Verlag London)"]
[null,7,"The Central Solar Heating Plant with Aquifer Thermal Energy Store in Rostock - Results after four years of operation; Solites, June 2004"]
[null,8,"Status and recommendations for RD&D on energy storage technologies in a Danish context; Danish Energy Authority (EUDP and Green Labs DK), Energinet.dk (ForskEL and ForskVE), Danish Council for Strategic Research, Danish Energy Association (ELFORSK), February 2014"]
[null,9,"Solar district heating guidelines - Storage; Solites, August 2012"]
[null,10,"Technology Data for Energy Plants; Danish Energy Agency and Energinet.dk, May 2012"]
[null,11,"Technisch-wirtschaftliche Analyse und Weiterentwicklung der solaren Langzeit-Wärmespeicherung; Solites, 2012"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Plant of Rostock (DE) with 20,000 m³ soil accumulation (equals 5,000 m³ water equivalent) and two well drillings with each 30 m depth. The aquifer layer is situated in a depth of 15 – 30 m below ground surface and the fountain productivity in each case is 15 m³/h. Storage sizes are not limited and depends mostly on requirements like geothermal and ground conditions, cover ratio, etc.. Recommended minimum (due to losses) size is: 1,000 m³ (Ref.2). Geological requirements are: Natural aquifer layer, high hydraulic conductivity, confining layers on top and below, no or low natural ground water flow, suitable water chemistry at high temperatures (Ref. 3)."]
[null,"B","Storage volume for 1 m³ water equivalent: 2 - 3 m³."]
[null,"C","Efficiency depends very on geological structure and temperature levels. Heat pumps could be used for further discharging (cooling down the storage medium) which increase the storage capacity/efficiency. Storing higher temperatures, thermal losses\nthrough the bedrock, the sides and the top soil become more significant."]
[null,"D","Assumed electrical consumption including pumping effort for the drillings."]
[null,"E","Life time for the ATES in Rostock was assumed with 40 years. Attention: life time depends very on time-limited permits from authorities. Life time of other components (e.g. pumps, piping, etc.) is very depending on the groundwater chemistry."]
[null,"F","Construction depends mostly on geological conditions and needed drilling effort. Geological survey and official approvals could be estimated with 6 - 8 months."]
[null,"G","According to Ref. 8, ATES-systems above 50 °C operating temperatures are named HT-UTES (high-temperature underground thermal energy storage). For high temperature storage, above 100 °C, deeper wells of over 200 m are needed in order to reduce heat losses. This has a significant impact on the cost of the project and needs to be examined closely (Ref. 5). In Europe, only one demonstration project with HT-UTES in a deep reservoir (>1000 m) is known at Neubrandenburg (DE). In this plant, HT-UTES is performed in the approx. 1,250 m deep Upper Postera sandstone reservoir. The project was initiated in 2004, and hot water of 80 °C is stored in the reservoir which has a virgin temperature of 55 °C. Worldwide, only one other commercial HT-UTES project with storage temperatures > 60 °C exist at the \"Reichstag\" building in Germany (Ref. 8)."]
[null,"H","ATES storages are designed for a maximum temperature of 50 °C in order to reduce the heat losses and to avoid water treatment. The storage in Rostock is designed for 50 °C supply and 30 °C return temperature. Although, monitoring values from 2002 that shown that the design values were not reached (supply: 44 °C, return: 36°C)."]
[null,"I","This technology could help to save emissions."]
[null,"J","Based on existing cost development, a reduction of 10 - 20 % from 2020 to 2050 (caused by replication of exploitation, pipes, pumps, heat exchangers and control system) is assumed."]
[null,"K","Calculation is based on the specific investment costs of 34 €/m³WE for the plant at Rostock. Converted cost estimation is based on an assumed specific heat capacity of 30 kWh/m³WE and a dis-/charging duration of 700 h (kW = 30 kWh/m³WE * m³ / 700 h)."]
[null,"L","Data of Solites as there exists no explicit monitoring of fixed and variable O&M costs for pilot plants. Numbers are valid for the operating time after commissioning and the adjustment and initial optimization of the process control and instrumentation technology."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.45]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.35]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation",0.05]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.1]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.03]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.02]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]

{"sheet":"7.3.4PhaseChangeMaterialStorage","index":45,"n_rows":69,"n_cols":17,"rows_kept":69,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,10,2,11],[2,12,2,13]]}
[null,null,"7.3.4 Phase Change Material (PCM) Storage"]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,"Unit",2015,2020,2030,2040,2050,null,"Uncertainty (2020)",null,"Uncertainty (2050)",null,null,"Note","Ref"]
[null,null,"A. Energy/technical data",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lower","Upper","Lower","Upper"]
[null,null,"Thermal power","MWth","0,001 >>",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A","1, 2"]
[null,null,"Efficiency","%",">95",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"B","1, 2, 3"]
[null,null,"Electricity consumption","%/MWhth",1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C"]
[null,null,"Technical lifetime","years","10 - 30+",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"D","1"]
[]
[null,null,"Steam supply",null,"possible",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"E","4"]
[null,null,"Hot water (up to 140°C)",null,"possible"]
[null,null,"Warm water (up to 105°C)",null,"possible"]
[null,null,"Low temperature (up to 70°C)",null,"possible"]
[null,null,"B. Environmental data"]
[null,null,"CO2","g/MJth",0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"F"]
[null,null,"SO2","g/GJth",0]
[null,null,"NOX","g/GJth",0]
[null,null,"CH4","g/GJth",0]
[null,null,"N2O","g/GJth",0]
[null,null,"Particles","g/GJth",0]
[null,null,"C. Financial data"]
[null,null,"Quality of CAPEX estimation",null,"low",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"G"]
[null,null,"Learning rate","%",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"H"]
[null,null,"Nominal investment","M€/MWth","<0,1 - 1>",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"I","1, 5, 6, 7"]
[null,null," - of which equipment","M€/MWth",0.8,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"J"]
[null,null," - of which installation","M€/MWth",0.2]
[null,null,"Fixed O&M","k€/MWth/a","N/A ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K","1, 5"]
[null,null,"Variable O&M excl. electricity costs","€/MWhth"," N/A"]
[null,null,"X. Technology specific data"]
[null,null,"Storage capacity","kWhth/t","50 - 150",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"L","1, 2, 4, 8"]
[null,null,"Storage period","h, d, w, m","h - w",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"M","1, 2, 8"]
[null,null,"Operating temperature","°C","-50 - >1 000",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"N","3, 4"]
[]
[null,"References:"]
[null,1,"Thermal Energy Storage - Technology Brief; IEA-ETSAP and IRENA, January 2013"]
[null,2,"Seasonal thermal energy storage; IEA SHC Task 45 Large Systems, June 2015"]
[null,3,"Mobile Fernwärme - Wärmeverwertung durch Mobile Latentwärmespeicher; J.H. Budach, Grazer Enegiegespräche on 23th October 2007"]
[null,4,"Expert Interview with C. Zauner, AIT, on 11th May 2017"]
[null,5,"Cost Analysis of Simple Phase Change Material-Enhanced Building Envelopes in Southern U.S. Climates; Jan Kosny, Nitin Shukla and Ali Fallahi (Fraunhofer CSE), January 2013"]
[null,6,"Compact Thermal Energy Storage: Material Development for System Integration; joint task IEA SHC Task 42 and IEA ECES Annex 29, August 2015; (online available: http://task42.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/Task42-Annex-29-Position-Paper-and-All-Final-Deliverable-Papers.pdf)"]
[null,7,"Experimental characterization and simulation of a hybrid sensible-latent heat storage; C. Zauner et al. (AIT), 2016; (online available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916318451)"]
[null,8,"Thermal Energy Storage; Rainer Tamme, Doerte Laing, Wolf-Dieter Steinmann and Thomas Bauer (Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Aerospace Center, Stuttgart, Germany), 2013"]
[]
[null,"Notes:"]
[null,"A","Due to modular design, almost every size is possible (depends only on the requirements; e.g. like batteries)."]
[null,"B","The technology is characterized by low losses, which mostly depends on the insulation (which has no significant influence on the investment costs). The mobile latent heat storage has losses of approx. 0.5 %/24h. "]
[null,"C","Pumping, control and regulation cause electricity consumption which is assumed to be low at 1 % (mostly influenced by pumping effort, which depends on the storage design)."]
[null,"D","Depending very much on storage design/materials, cycles, temperature and operating conditions."]
[null,"E","Each heat carrier fluid is possible (air too) and therefore a broad bandwidth of temperature applications."]
[null,"F","Depending on the system design, PCM storages could help to save/reduce emissions."]
[null,"G","Cost estimation is very low, as no PCM storage in a DH system is known at the moment."]
[null,"H","Figures could not be provided, but if there is an adequate market need, high cost reductions could happen."]
[null,"I","No resilient investment costs could be provided at the moment as PCM storages are still in the pilot phase. The costs mainly occur through the shell and-tube heat exchanger, the thermal oil and the PCM. Ref. 7: The general trend shows that the material costs per kilowatt-hour decrease upon increasing the tube diameter independent of the ratio of PCM to thermal oil. Furthermore, the cost reduction is larger for storage configurations with larger PCM fractions. Also, increasing the share of PCM reduces material costs per kilowatt-hour which reflects the higher energy density of the PCM. Ref. 5 allows a more detailed view on costs of different phase change materials (like Organic, Inorganic, Salt Hydrates, Biobased and Shape-Stabilized). Ref. 6 includes a table of selected thermal energy storages with specifications of usage, materials and costs."]
[null,"J","Own estimation because no accurate data are known. "]
[null,"K","Currently it is not possible to provide reliable information. Nevertheless, the given references quotes operational costs (fixed and variable) of kEUR 230/MWth/a - but this value has to be handled carefully."]
[null,"L","The storage density is approximately twice as large as for water storages."]
[null,"M","PCM storages should be preferred used as short term utilizations as the economical feasibility increases with each dis-/charging process."]
[null,"N","A lot of different materials exist for PCM storage usage. Therefore, the temperature range is very big and could be chosen individually for each case (e.g. very low temperatures in space applications to very high temperatures above 1 000 °C in concentrating solar power plants). In Ref. 3 thermophysical properties are listed for some selected solid to liquid phase-change materials."]
[]
[null,"Diagram (CostBreakDown):"]
[null,null,"Main equipment",0.75]
[null,null,"Balance of plant",0.05]
[null,null,"Electrical and I&C supply and installation"]
[null,null,"Civil and structural",0.1]
[null,null,"Project indirect"]
[null,null,"Development",0.05]
[null,null,"Interconnection",0.05]
[null,null,"Insurance & Other"]